Ĵaŭde ni iros al la biblioteko posttagmeze.

In Esperanto, names of days can take an -e ending to mean on that day.

So:

• ĵaŭdo = Thursday
• ĵaŭde = on Thursday

This is a very common way to express time. English uses a preposition (on Thursday), but Esperanto often does not need one here.

You may also sometimes see a day name without -e in other contexts, but ĵaŭde is the normal adverbial form for on Thursday.

Yes. Esperanto often uses either:

• ĵaŭde = on Thursday
• ĵaŭdon = Thursday, on Thursday

The -n ending can mark time expressions too, not only direct objects.

So both of these are possible:

• Ĵaŭde ni iros al la biblioteko.
• Ĵaŭdon ni iros al la biblioteko.

Both mean essentially the same thing. Learners often meet -e time words early because they are very straightforward.

Iros is the future tense of iri (to go).

Esperanto verb endings are very regular:

• iras = go / am going / are going
• iris = went
• iros = will go
• irus = would go
• iru = go! / let ... go

So:

• ni iros = we will go

English uses extra words like will, but Esperanto usually shows tense directly in the verb ending.

Esperanto normally uses a single verb form for the future:

• ni iros = we will go

It does not usually build the future with a separate word meaning will plus another verb, the way English does.

So the simple rule is:

• verb stem + -os = future

Examples:

• mi manĝos = I will eat
• ŝi legos = she will read
• ni iros = we will go

Al means to, showing movement toward a place.

So:

• al = to
• la biblioteko = the library
• al la biblioteko = to the library

Because the sentence talks about going somewhere, al is the natural preposition.

Compare:

• Ni iros al la biblioteko. = We will go to the library.
• Ni estos en la biblioteko. = We will be in the library.

The first focuses on movement; the second focuses on location.

Because the preposition al already shows direction clearly, the noun usually does not need an extra -n.

So:

• al la biblioteko = to the library

In Esperanto, the -n ending can sometimes show motion toward something, but when a preposition already gives that meaning, -n is usually unnecessary.

A learner-friendly way to think of it is:

• use al for to
• use -n for direction mostly when there is no preposition doing that job

La means the.

So:

• biblioteko = library / a library
• la biblioteko = the library

In this sentence, la suggests a specific library, probably one understood from context.

Esperanto has only one definite article, la, and it never changes for gender, number, or case by itself.

Posttagmeze is an adverb meaning in the afternoon or this afternoon, depending on context.

It comes from:

• posttagmezo = afternoon
• posttagmeze = in the afternoon

The -e ending makes it adverbial, just like ĵaŭde.

So the sentence contains two time adverbs:

• Ĵaŭde = on Thursday
• posttagmeze = in the afternoon

Yes. Both are possible:

• posttagmeze
• en la posttagmezo

Both can mean in the afternoon.

But posttagmeze is often more compact and very natural Esperanto style. Esperanto frequently uses adverbs where English uses prepositional phrases.

Compare:

• matene = in the morning
• tage = during the day
• vespere = in the evening
• nokte = at night

Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, because endings and prepositions make the roles clear.

The given sentence:

• Ĵaŭde ni iros al la biblioteko posttagmeze.

is perfectly natural. But other orders are also possible, for example:

• Ni iros al la biblioteko ĵaŭde posttagmeze.
• Posttagmeze ni iros al la biblioteko ĵaŭde.

However, some orders sound more natural than others depending on what you want to emphasize.

A useful guideline is:

• earlier in the sentence = often more emphasis or topic
• later in the sentence = often less emphasis

So starting with Ĵaŭde highlights the day.

Yes, but they answer different time questions:

• Ĵaŭde = when, in terms of day?
• posttagmeze = when, in terms of part of the day?

Together they give a more precise time:

• on Thursday
• in the afternoon

So the sentence is basically specifying both the day and the time of day.

Usually, no. In standard Esperanto, days of the week are normally written with lowercase letters:

• lundo
• mardo
• merkredo
• ĵaŭdo
• vendredo
• sabato
• dimanĉo

So in many texts, you would expect:

• ĵaŭde ni iros al la biblioteko posttagmeze.

If you see Ĵaŭde with a capital letter, it may just be because it begins the sentence, or because of a writer’s personal style.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

• ĵ sounds like the s in measure or the g in genre
• aŭ sounds like ow in cow
• de sounds like deh

So ĵaŭde is approximately:

• ZHOW-deh

with the stress on the second-to-last syllable:

• ĵAŬ-de

Esperanto stress is very regular: it almost always falls on the second-to-last syllable.

It can be either, depending on context.

Ni iros al la biblioteko simply means we will go to the library. Esperanto future tense does not by itself distinguish sharply between:

• a plan
• a prediction
• a simple statement about the future

Context tells you which is intended.

If needed, Esperanto can add words to make the meaning more specific, but the plain future -os is often enough.