Ik ga morgen naar het station.

Breakdown of Ik ga morgen naar het station.

ik
I
gaan
to go
morgen
tomorrow
naar
to
het station
the station
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Questions & Answers about Ik ga morgen naar het station.

Could you break down the parts of speech for each word in Ik ga morgen naar het station.

Ik – personal pronoun (I)
ga – verb, first-person singular of gaan (to go)
morgen – adverb of time (tomorrow)
naar – preposition indicating direction (to)
het – definite article for neuter nouns (the)
station – neuter noun (station)

Why is the simple present tense used to talk about a future action in Ik ga morgen naar het station.

In Dutch there is no separate “present continuous” form. The simple present (tegenwoordige tijd) covers both present and near-future events when you add a time adverb like morgen. If you wanted to stress the future more, you could use the auxiliary zal:
Ik zal morgen naar het station gaan.
But the simple present is perfectly normal: Ik ga morgen…

Why is morgen placed between ga and naar het station, and can it be placed elsewhere?

Dutch word-order for main clauses is roughly: Subject – finite verb – adverbials – rest of sentence. Adverbs of time (like morgen) typically come after the verb and before place expressions.
You can also front the time adverb for emphasis:
Morgen ga ik naar het station.
Putting morgen at the very end (Ik ga naar het station morgen) is grammatically possible but sounds less natural.

Why do we use the preposition naar here instead of something like in or op?

naar expresses movement toward a destination: “to the station.”
in (in) or op (on/at) describe location, not direction, so you’d say:
 – Ik ben in het station. (I am in the station.)
 – Ik sta op het perron. (I stand on the platform.)
If you want to stress the “towards” idea, you can even say:
Ik ga morgen naar het station naartoe.

Why is the definite article het used with station, and could we drop it?
Station is a countable, neuter noun in Dutch, so it takes the definite article het (the). You cannot normally say Ik ga morgen naar station without an article. In headlines or very terse signs you might see no article (e.g. “Station gesloten”), but in full sentences you need het or een.
Could we use a different verb such as lopen instead of gaan if we mean “go” on foot?

Yes, but they’re not interchangeable:
gaan is a general verb “to go,” without specifying how. You could go by foot, bike, car, etc.
lopen specifically means “to walk.”
So if you want to say “I’m walking to the station,” you’d use lopen:
Ik loop morgen naar het station.
Otherwise stick with gaan for generic “going.”