Mødet er planlagt til fredag.

Because mødet means the meeting, while møde means meeting in a more general sense.

• et møde = a meeting
• mødet = the meeting

The noun møde is a neuter noun, so its definite singular ending is -et.

Er planlagt literally means is planned or has been scheduled.

It is made up of:

• er = is
• planlagt = the past participle of planlægge (to plan / to schedule)

In this sentence, it works much like English is planned or is scheduled.

The basic verb is planlægge, which means to plan or to schedule.

Some common forms are:

• at planlægge = to plan
• planlægger = plans / is planning
• planlagde = planned
• planlagt = planned

So in Mødet er planlagt til fredag, planlagt is the form used after er.

Because til is the natural preposition after planlagt in this kind of sentence.

So:

• planlagt til fredag = scheduled for Friday

This does not mean until Friday here. It means the meeting has Friday as its scheduled date.

Yes, but the meaning and focus are slightly different.

• Mødet er planlagt til fredag = The meeting is scheduled for Friday
• Mødet er på fredag = The meeting is on Friday

The first one emphasizes the scheduling.
The second one simply states when it happens.

Because Danish normally uses days of the week without an article in this kind of expression.

So you say:

• til fredag = for Friday
• på fredag = on Friday

This is similar to English, where we usually just say on Friday, not on the Friday.

Not in this sentence.

Here, til fredag means for Friday. If you want to say by Friday, Danish would more naturally use something like:

• inden fredag = before Friday / by Friday
• senest fredag = no later than Friday

So Mødet er planlagt til fredag does not mean the planning must be finished by Friday. It means the meeting itself is scheduled for Friday.

The word order is very straightforward:

• Mødet = subject
• er = verb
• planlagt = complement
• til fredag = time phrase

So the structure is:

Subject + verb + complement + time expression

If you turn it into a yes/no question, Danish puts the verb first:

• Er mødet planlagt til fredag? = Is the meeting scheduled for Friday?

A rough guide is:

MØ-det er PLAN-lagt til FRE-dai

A few important pronunciation points:

• ø is a rounded vowel with no exact English equivalent
• the d in mødet is soft
• fredag is pronounced more like FRE-dai than how it looks

If you want a more precise version, the IPA is approximately:

[ˈmøːðəð eɐ̯ ˈplænˌlɑd til ˈfʁeˌdæj]

No. In Danish, days of the week are normally written with lowercase letters.

So:

• fredag = correct
• Fredag = only if it begins a sentence or is part of a title

This is different from English, where Friday is always capitalized.