Jeg går hen til vinduet.

In this sentence, hen adds the idea of movement toward a place.
So gå hen til means something like go/walk over to.

• Jeg går til vinduet = I go/walk to the window
• Jeg går hen til vinduet = I go/walk over to the window

In many cases, hen makes the movement sound a bit more natural and directional, especially in everyday speech.

Yes, you can, and it will usually be understood. But Jeg går hen til vinduet sounds more idiomatic when you mean physically moving over to the window.

A rough difference is:

• går til vinduet = go to the window
• går hen til vinduet = go/walk over to the window

So hen is not always absolutely required, but it often makes the sentence sound more natural.

Because vinduet means the window, while vindue means a window or just window.

Danish usually puts the definite article at the end of the noun:

• et vindue = a window
• vinduet = the window

Since the sentence refers to a specific window, Danish uses vinduet.

In Danish, the definite article is often attached to the end of the noun instead of being a separate word.

So:

• the window = vinduet
• not usually det vindue in this kind of sentence

You do get a separate definite word like det in some cases, especially with adjectives:

• vinduet = the window
• det store vindue = the big window

So here, vinduet by itself is exactly what Danish normally uses.

Går is the present tense of gå.

• at gå = to walk / to go
• jeg går = I walk / I am walking / I go

Danish does not always distinguish as clearly as English between I walk and I am walking. The present tense can cover both, depending on context.

Literally, gå often means walk, but in English the best translation depends on context.

In this sentence, Jeg går hen til vinduet most naturally means:

• I walk over to the window or
• I go over to the window

If you want to emphasize that you are moving on foot, walk is a good translation. In everyday English, go over to the window may sound more natural.

This is standard Danish main-clause word order:

• Jeg = subject
• går = verb
• hen til vinduet = direction/place phrase

So the structure is basically:

Subject + verb + direction

That is very normal in Danish:

• Jeg går hjem. = I’m going home.
• Hun løber ud i haven. = She runs out into the garden.

Til means to here. It marks the destination of the movement.

So:

• hen til vinduet = over to the window

It is the normal preposition when someone moves toward a specific place or object.

In most standard Danish pronunciation, jeg sounds roughly like yai or yigh, depending on accent and speaking style. It does not sound like the English word jegg.

A simple learner-friendly approximation is:

• jeg ≈ yai

Actual Danish pronunciation varies a bit, so the most important thing is to recognize that the j sounds like English y.

Very often, yes. Danish commonly uses verbs of movement plus hen til to mean over to / up to / toward.

For example:

• gå hen til = walk over to
• komme hen til = come over to / get to
• løbe hen til = run over to

So it is useful to learn hen til as a common directional combination, not just as two completely separate words.