Ten kluk má nový míč.

Ten is the basic Czech demonstrative. In context, ten kluk can mean:

• that boy
• this boy
• sometimes something close to the boy in natural speech

So the exact English translation depends on the situation. If Czech wants to be more specific, it can use forms like tenhle / tento for this and tamten for that over there.

Because kluk is a masculine singular noun.

Czech words like ten have to agree with the noun they go with. In the singular nominative:

• ten = masculine
• ta = feminine
• to = neuter

Since kluk is masculine, ten is the correct form.

Czech does not have articles like English a/an and the.

That means a noun like kluk can mean:

• a boy
• the boy

depending on context.

Using ten can make the noun feel more specific, often a bit like that boy or sometimes the boy, but ten is not a true article in the same way English the is.

Má is the 3rd person singular present tense of the verb mít (to have).

So:

• mám = I have
• máš = you have
• má = he/she/it has
• máme = we have
• máte = you have
• mají = they have

So here má matches ten kluk = he/the boy has.

Because adjectives in Czech must agree with the noun they describe.

Here nový describes míč, and míč is:

• masculine
• singular
• in the accusative case here

So nový takes the matching masculine singular form.

Also, nový is a hard adjective, so its basic masculine singular ending is -ý.

It actually is in the object case: the accusative.

The reason it looks unchanged is that for many masculine inanimate nouns, the nominative and accusative singular are the same.

So:

• nominative: míč
• accusative: míč

That is why nový míč looks the same as it would in the dictionary form.

A useful contrast:

• kluk (masculine animate) often changes in the accusative
• míč (masculine inanimate) often does not

For example:

• nominative: ten kluk
• accusative: vidím toho kluka

In this sentence:

• ten kluk = nominative singular
  because it is the subject
• nový míč = accusative singular
  because it is the direct object

So the structure is:

• subject: the boy
• verb: has
• object: a new ball

Yes, absolutely.

Kluk má nový míč is a normal sentence too. It can sound a bit more neutral, like you are simply stating a fact.

Adding ten usually makes the boy more specific:

• a boy already known from context
• a boy you are pointing out
• something like that boy or sometimes the boy

So both are possible, but the nuance is slightly different.

Yes, Ten kluk má nový míč has a very normal, neutral word order:

• subject + verb + object

Czech word order is flexible, though, so you can move things around for emphasis. For example:

• Nový míč má ten kluk.

This still means basically the same thing, but now the emphasis is different, as if you are highlighting who has the new ball.

So the sentence order is normal, but not the only possible one.

Yes, kluk is very common and natural in everyday Czech.

You could also say chlapec, which also means boy, but it often sounds:

• more formal
• more written
• sometimes a bit bookish

So kluk is the everyday spoken choice in many situations.

Míč has:

• a long í
• č pronounced like ch in church

So míč sounds roughly like meech.

A simple pronunciation guide for the whole sentence:

• Ten kluk má nový míč
• roughly: ten klook maa no-vee meech

A more exact IPA version is:

• [tɛn klʊk maː noviː miːt͡ʃ]

Also, Czech stress usually falls on the first syllable of each word.