Després de sopar, ja no queda sopa a la cassola.

After a preposition like després de, Catalan very often uses the infinitive to talk about an action:

• després de sopar = after having dinner / after dinner

Després del sopar is also grammatical, but it means after the dinner/the meal as a specific event or thing. In everyday Catalan, després de sopar is the more natural, idiomatic way to say after dinner.

They are different words:

• sopa = soup
• sopar = dinner or to have dinner

The final -r matters, and so does stress:

• sopa → stress on the first syllable
• sopar → stress on the last syllable

So després de sopar means after dinner, not after soup.

No queda sopa means there is no soup left or no soup remains.

Adding ja gives the idea of a change from an earlier situation:

• ja no queda sopa = there isn’t any soup left anymore / no soup is left now

So ja no often corresponds to no longer or not anymore.

Because the grammatical subject is sopa.

Even though soup is a substance rather than a countable object, Catalan treats sopa as a singular mass noun, so the verb is singular:

• queda sopa = there is soup left
• queden patates = there are potatoes left

With mass nouns after a verb like quedar, Catalan often uses no article when it means some/any of that substance:

• queda sopa = there is some soup left
• no queda sopa = there isn’t any soup left

Using la sopa would sound more definite and less natural in this kind of what remains / what is left sentence.

Because quedar means to remain / to be left.

So:

• ja no queda sopa = there’s no soup left
• ja no hi ha sopa = there is no soup

Both can work, but quedar is better when the idea is that there used to be some, and now none remains.

Catalan often uses a for location where English might use in, at, or on.

So a la cassola is a natural way to say in the pot / in the casserole dish.

If you want to emphasize inside, Catalan can also use dins de la cassola, but a la cassola is very normal and idiomatic.

No. Després de sopar is a time expression placed first for emphasis and clarity, just like English After dinner, ...

That order is very natural, but Catalan word order is fairly flexible. The sentence starts with the time phrase and then gives the main statement.

The comma after Després de sopar is common in writing after an opening time expression.

A simple learner-friendly guide is:

• després → de-SPRÉS
• sopar → so-PAR
• queda → QUE-da
• cassola → ca-SSO-la

A very important contrast is:

• sopa → SO-pa
• sopar → so-PAR

So even if the spelling looks similar, the stress pattern helps you tell them apart.

Not always. Cassola can refer to a cooking container such as a pot, pan, saucepan, or casserole dish, depending on context and region.

In this sentence, the exact kitchen word is less important than the idea: it is the container the soup is in.