أقرأ البريد الإلكتروني على الحاسوب في المكتب لأن بطارية هاتفي ضعيفة.

In Arabic, the verb itself often already tells you the subject. أقرأ means I read / I am reading, so أنا is not necessary unless you want extra emphasis.

Starting with the verb is also very normal in Arabic. So أقرأ البريد الإلكتروني... is a natural way to say I read the email...

أقرأ is in the present / non-past tense. Depending on context, it can mean:

• I read
• I am reading
• I do read

In this sentence, the context makes I am reading or I read the most natural interpretation.

In Arabic, the present-tense verb to be is usually not stated. So:

• بطارية هاتفي ضعيفة literally looks like the battery of my phone weak
• but it means My phone’s battery is weak

This is a very common Arabic pattern.

Because الإلكتروني is an adjective describing البريد, and in Arabic adjectives usually match the noun they describe in definiteness.

So:

• بريد إلكتروني = an email / email
• البريد الإلكتروني = the email

Since the noun is definite, the adjective must also be definite.

Arabic often uses على with devices, screens, and platforms in a way that matches English on. So على الحاسوب naturally means on the computer.

You may also see بالحاسوب, which can mean using the computer, but على الحاسوب is very natural for doing something on a computer.

It can mean either, depending on context.

• في المكتب usually means in the office
• على المكتب would more likely mean on the desk

So in this sentence, في المكتب clearly supports the meaning in the office.

لأن means because. In fully vocalized Arabic, it is written لأنّ with a shadda on the final ن.

In everyday writing, short vowels and signs like shadda are often omitted, so you often just see لأن.

It is made from:

• هاتف = phone
• ـي = my

So هاتفي = my phone.

This is a very common Arabic possessive pattern: attach a pronoun suffix directly to the noun.

Arabic commonly uses an iḍāfa construction, often called a possessive phrase. In بطارية هاتفي:

• بطارية = battery
• هاتفي = my phone

Together they mean the battery of my phone or my phone’s battery.

Notice that the first noun in an iḍāfa usually does not take الـ, even though the whole phrase can still be definite.

Because بطارية is a feminine singular noun, and the adjective must agree with it.

So:

• بطارية = feminine singular
• ضعيفة = feminine singular adjective

If the noun were masculine, you would expect ضعيف instead.

Because here it is a predicate adjective, not an adjective directly attached inside the noun phrase.

Compare:

• بطارية هاتفي ضعيفة = My phone’s battery is weak
• بطارية هاتفي الضعيفة = my phone’s weak battery

In the first sentence, ضعيفة is the predicate, so it is normally indefinite.

Yes. ضعيفة can mean weak, low, or generally not strong enough, and it works well for a battery in context.

So بطارية هاتفي ضعيفة naturally means something like:

• My phone’s battery is weak
• My phone battery is low

If the battery were completely empty, Arabic might also use words like فارغة depending on context.

A fully vocalized MSA version would be:

أَقْرَأُ الْبَرِيدَ الْإِلِكْتُرُونِيَّ عَلَى الْحَاسُوبِ فِي الْمَكْتَبِ لِأَنَّ بَطَّارِيَةَ هَاتِفِي ضَعِيفَةٌ.

This shows the grammatical case endings more clearly, but in normal writing they are usually omitted.

A careful pronunciation is roughly:

aqraʾu al-barīda al-ʾiliktirūniyya ʿalā al-ḥāsūbi fī al-maktabi liʾanna baṭṭāriyata hātifī ḍaʿīfatun

If you are speaking less formally, many final case endings are dropped, so it may sound closer to:

aqraʾ al-barīd al-ʾiliktirōnī ʿalā al-ḥāsūb fī al-maktab liʾanna baṭṭāriyat hātifī ḍaʿīfa