مع أنني متعب، يجب أن أذهب إلى العمل.

Yes, مع by itself usually means with. But مع أن is a fixed expression meaning although, even though, or despite the fact that.

So:

• مع أنني متعب = although I am tired

It is best to learn مع أن as one expression, not word-by-word.

They are written the same in normal Arabic spelling, but grammatically they are different:

• In مع أنني, the أن is really أنّ with emphasis. It introduces a clause, roughly like that.
• In يجب أن أذهب, the أن is أنْ, which comes before an imperfect verb and makes it subjunctive. It is often translated as to or that depending on the sentence.

So the sentence contains two different grammatical particles that look the same when short vowels are not written.

Because Arabic normally attaches the pronoun directly after أنّ:

• أنني = that I
• أنه = that he
• أنها = that she

So:

• مع أنني متعب = although I am tired

You would not normally say مع أن أنا متعب in standard Arabic.

In present-tense Arabic, the verb to be is usually omitted.

So:

• أنا متعب literally looks like I tired
• but it means I am tired

The same thing happens inside أنني متعب. Arabic simply does not need a present-tense am there.

Here it means tired or exhausted.

A useful detail: unvowelled Arabic spelling can hide a difference:

• مُتْعَب = tired / exhausted
• مُتْعِب = tiring / exhausting

Both are often written simply as متعب without short vowels, so context tells you which meaning is intended. In this sentence, the meaning is clearly tired.

Only متعب would change:

• male speaker: مع أنني متعب، يجب أن أذهب إلى العمل.
• female speaker: مع أنني متعبة، يجب أن أذهب إلى العمل.

The verb أذهب stays the same, because first-person singular verbs do not change for gender in Arabic.

يجب أن is a common MSA way to express obligation.

• يجب literally means it is necessary
• يجب أن أذهب = it is necessary that I go
• natural English: I must go or I have to go

So يجب is not literally I must. It is more like an impersonal expression of necessity.

Yes. أذهب is the first-person singular imperfect verb: I go / I am going.

After أنْ, the imperfect verb becomes subjunctive. So in fully vocalized Arabic, it would be:

• أذهبُ in the normal indicative
• أذهبَ after أنْ

In ordinary unvowelled writing, both are written أذهب, so the difference is usually invisible to beginners.

Because ذهب إلى means to go to.

So:

• أذهب إلى العمل = I go to work

As for العمل, it is literally the work, but Arabic often uses the definite article where English does not. In everyday destination phrases, this is very normal:

• إلى المدرسة = to school
• إلى المكتب = to the office
• إلى العمل = to work

So even though العمل literally contains the, the natural English translation is just work.

Yes. Arabic allows some flexibility.

For example:

• مع أنني متعب، يجب أن أذهب إلى العمل.
• يجب أن أذهب إلى العمل مع أنني متعب.

Both are understandable. The version with مع أنني متعب first emphasizes the contrast more strongly, just like English Although I’m tired, I have to go to work.

Yes. Some common alternatives are:

• رغم أنني متعب...
• على الرغم من أنني متعب...

These also mean although / even though I am tired.
مع أن is a very natural and common choice in MSA, so the original sentence is perfectly good.