يطعم صديقي القطة ويضع طعام القطط في وعاء الطعام.

No. يطعم here means he feeds.

• يُطْعِمُ = he feeds someone/something
• يَأْكُلُ = he eats

So يطعم صديقي القطة means my friend feeds the cat, not my friend eats the cat.

Because this is a very common word order in Modern Standard Arabic: verb + subject + object.

So:

• يطعم صديقي القطة
• literally: feeds my friend the cat
• natural English: my friend feeds the cat

Arabic can also use a subject-first order, but verb-first is extremely common in MSA.

The -ي is the suffix meaning my.

So:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

This is a very common pattern in Arabic. The possessive meaning is attached directly to the noun.

Yes. قطة is a feminine singular noun.

• قطة = cat / female cat
• القطّة = the cat

In careful MSA, قطة is specifically feminine, while قط is masculine. In many learner-style examples, though, قطة is often used simply for a pet cat.

Because طعام القطط means cat food, literally food of cats.

Arabic often uses a plural noun for a general category like this. So طعام القطط sounds like the general kind of food cats eat.

If you wanted to emphasize food belonging to one specific cat, طعام القطة could also make sense in context.

It is an iḍāfa construction, often called a construct phrase.

Literally it is:

• طعام = food
• القطط = the cats / cats
• طعام القطط = food of cats = cat food

Arabic often uses this structure where English uses a compound noun. So instead of one word like cat food, Arabic commonly says food of cats.

Because وعاء الطعام is also an iḍāfa construction.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun normally does not take ال
• the second noun determines whether the whole phrase is definite

So:

• وعاء = bowl/container
• الطعام = the food
• وعاء الطعام = the food bowl / food bowl

Even though وعاء has no ال, the whole phrase can still be definite because the second noun is definite.

Because Arabic verbs already include the subject information.

• يضع = he puts
• ويضع = and he puts

So after صديقي has already been mentioned, Arabic does not need to repeat it. The meaning is understood:

• يطعم صديقي القطة ويضع...
• My friend feeds the cat and puts...

Because it is the thing receiving the action of feeding.

In يطعم صديقي القطة:

• يطعم = feeds
• صديقي = my friend → the subject
• القطة = the cat → the direct object

With full case endings, القطة would be accusative:

• القِطَّةَ

In normal Arabic writing, short vowels are usually omitted, so you just see القطة.

A fully vocalized version is:

يُطْعِمُ صَدِيقِي القِطَّةَ وَيَضَعُ طَعَامَ القِطَطِ فِي وِعَاءِ الطَّعَامِ.

A rough pronunciation is:

yuṭʿimu ṣadīqī al-qiṭṭata wa-yaḍaʿu ṭaʿāma al-qiṭaṭi fī wiʿāʾi al-ṭaʿāmi

That corresponds to the meaning already given: My friend feeds the cat and puts the cat food in the food bowl.