ما قدرت ادرس بالليل من التعب.

In Levantine Arabic, ما is a very common way to negate a past-tense verb.

So:

• قدرت = I was able / I managed
• ما قدرت = I wasn’t able / I couldn’t

In this sentence, ما negates the whole idea of being able to study.

قدرت comes from the verb قدر, which is about ability.

Here, قدرت means:

• I could
• I was able to
• I managed to

So ما قدرت ادرس literally means I was not able to study, which is the natural equivalent of I couldn’t study.

Great question. In Levantine, the b- prefix often marks the regular present/habitual:

• بدرس = I study / I am studying (depending on context)

But after verbs like قدر (can / be able to), the following verb usually appears without b-:

• بقدر ادرس = I can study
• قدرت ادرس = I could study / I managed to study
• ما قدرت ادرس = I couldn’t study

So ادرس here is normal because it follows قدرت.

In careful writing, many people would write أدرس. In casual Levantine writing, the hamza is often omitted, so you may see:

• أدرس
• ادرس

Both represent the same word here.

So this is mainly a spelling-style issue, especially in informal writing.

Because Arabic verbs already show the subject.

قدرت already means I was able, so أنا is not necessary.

Compare:

• قدرت = I was able
• أنا قدرت = I was able (with extra emphasis on I)

In normal speech, leaving out أنا is completely natural.

بالليل means at night / during the night.

It is made of:

• بـ = a preposition often meaning in / at / during
• الليل = the night

So:

• ليل = night
• بالليل = at night

This is a very common time expression in Levantine.

Literally, من التعب means from the tiredness or from exhaustion.

In natural English, it usually means:

• because of tiredness
• from being tired
• due to exhaustion

So the sentence gives the reason the speaker couldn’t study.

Both can appear in Arabic, but من التعب is a very common fixed expression meaning because of tiredness / from exhaustion.

The الـ here makes it sound natural and idiomatic. It is similar to how some expressions in English just tend to use the, even if we would not translate it literally every time.

So من التعب is the phrase learners should get used to.

Usually بالليل means at night or during the night, not specifically tonight.

If the speaker clearly means tonight, context usually makes that clear, or they might say something more specific.

So without context, the safest meaning is:

• I couldn’t study at night because I was tired or
• I couldn’t study last night because of exhaustion

Context decides the exact time reference.

That depends a bit on the region.

The letter ق is pronounced differently across Levantine dialects, so قدرت may sound like:

• 'idret / 'edret in many urban varieties
• qderet in some other varieties

So the written form stays the same, but pronunciation can vary.

Learners should not be surprised if different speakers say it differently.

This order is very natural in Levantine:

1. ما قدرت = main idea: I couldn’t
2. ادرس = what you couldn’t do
3. بالليل = when
4. من التعب = why

So it flows as:

I couldn’t study at night because of exhaustion.

Arabic word order is often flexible, but this version sounds normal and clear.

Yes. For example:

• ما قدرت ادرس بالليل لأني كنت تعبان
  I couldn’t study at night because I was tired.

• ما قدرت ادرس من التعب
  I couldn’t study because of exhaustion.

• من التعب ما قدرت ادرس بالليل
  Because of exhaustion, I couldn’t study at night.

Your original sentence is already very natural, but Arabic often allows several good ways to say the same thing.

It is very natural in Levantine, especially because of the structure and everyday phrasing.

Speakers of other Arabic dialects would probably understand it, but they might prefer slightly different forms in their own dialects.

Also, in Modern Standard Arabic, you would normally express this differently, for example with more formal vocabulary and structure.

So this sentence is best understood as colloquial Levantine Arabic.