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### Thanking

**Danke** on its own is already taught. To make it warmer, German adds a word: **Danke schön** (thank you kindly) or **Vielen Dank** (many thanks). *Vielen Dank* is the more formal of the two and is the one to write in an email.

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### Getting attention, and apologising

**Entschuldigung** does both jobs: it opens a question to a stranger, and it apologises. It is a noun, so it is always capitalised.

**Wie bitte?** asks someone to repeat themselves. It is not rude — it is the standard repair.

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### Wishing someone well

| formula | used for |
|---|---|
| **Herzlichen Glückwunsch** | congratulations — birthdays, exams, news |
| **Alles Gute** | all the best — a general good wish |
| **Viel Glück** | good luck — before something risky |
| **Guten Appetit** | said to everyone at the table before eating |

**Guten Appetit** is not optional politeness in German — it is expected, and eating before someone says it feels abrupt.

**Kein Problem** is how you wave away thanks or an apology, and **Freut mich** is what you say when you are introduced to someone.

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
many thanks (warmer, more formal than danke)	Vielen Dank
Many thanks! That is very good.	Vielen Dank! Das ist sehr gut.
Many thanks, I do not want any money.	Vielen Dank, ich möchte kein Geld.
thank you very much	Danke schön
Thank you very much! I will take the coffee.	Danke schön! Ich nehme den Kaffee.
Thank you very much, the coffee is very good.	Danke schön, der Kaffee ist sehr gut.
excuse me; sorry	Entschuldigung
Excuse me, where is the bus?	Entschuldigung, wo ist der Bus?
Sorry, I do not understand the question.	Entschuldigung, ich verstehe die Frage nicht.
pardon? sorry, what?	Wie bitte
Pardon? I do not understand.	Wie bitte? Ich verstehe nicht.
Pardon? Can you speak slowly?	Wie bitte? Können Sie langsam sprechen?
no problem	Kein Problem
No problem! I can wait.	Kein Problem! Ich kann warten.
No problem, I have time.	Kein Problem, ich habe Zeit.
good luck	Viel Glück
Good luck! You can do it.	Viel Glück! Du kannst das.
You are travelling tomorrow. Good luck!	Du fährst morgen. Viel Glück!
all the best	Alles Gute
All the best, Anna!	Alles Gute, Anna!
We are celebrating today. All the best!	Wir feiern heute. Alles Gute!
congratulations	Herzlichen Glückwunsch
Congratulations! You are lucky.	Herzlichen Glückwunsch! Du hast Glück.
We celebrate and say: congratulations!	Wir feiern und sagen: Herzlichen Glückwunsch!
enjoy your meal	Guten Appetit
Enjoy your meal! I am hungry.	Guten Appetit! Ich habe Hunger.
We are eating now. Enjoy your meal!	Wir essen jetzt. Guten Appetit!
pleased to meet you	Freut mich
Pleased to meet you! My name is Tom.	Freut mich! Ich heiße Tom.
This is my friend. — Pleased to meet you!	Das ist mein Freund. — Freut mich!
have fun!	Viel Spaß
Have fun!	Viel Spaß!
Have fun and good luck!	Viel Spaß und viel Glück!

Contributors