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### The Formal Imperative

To give a command or make a request to someone you address formally, use the infinitive form of the verb followed immediately by **Sie**. Adding **bitte** (please) makes your request more polite.

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### The Plural Informal Imperative

When addressing two or more people informally (such as friends or family), use the plural informal imperative. Start with the present tense **ihr** (you all) form and drop the pronoun. The verb keeps its **-t** ending:
- **ihr macht** (you all do) → **Macht!** (Do!)
- **ihr kommt** (you all come) → **Kommt!** (Come!)

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Verbs with a vowel change in the singular imperative (like *lesen*) are completely regular in the plural imperative (**ihr lest** → **Lest!**):

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### Sequencing Instructions: *zuerst* and *dann*

Use the adverbs **zuerst** (first) and **dann** (then) to show the order of actions.

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### Separable Verbs in Commands

Separable verbs split apart in commands, just like in standard present tense sentences. The prefix moves to the very end of the sentence.

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Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
to excuse	entschuldigen
Excuse me, where is the train station?	Entschuldigen Sie, wo ist der Bahnhof?
Please wait outside!	Warten Sie bitte draußen!
to close	schließen
the door	die Tür
Please close the door!	Schließen Sie bitte die Tür!
to open	öffnen
Do not open the door!	Öffnet die Tür nicht!
Close the window!	Schließt das Fenster!
Open the suitcase!	Öffnen Sie den Koffer!
the page	die Seite
Read the page together!	Lest die Seite zusammen!
Read page ten!	Lesen Sie Seite zehn!
first	zuerst
the homework	die Hausaufgabe
Do your homework first!	Macht zuerst eure Hausaufgaben!
Drink your coffee first!	Trinken Sie zuerst Ihren Kaffee!
then	dann
Travel first to France and then to Spain!	Reisen Sie zuerst nach Frankreich und dann nach Spanien!
Learn first and then play!	Lernt zuerst und spielt dann!
loud, loudly	laut
Please speak loudly!	Sprecht bitte laut!
Please do not laugh!	Lachen Sie bitte nicht!
quiet, calm	ruhig
Stay calm!	Bleibt ruhig!
Please stay calm!	Bleiben Sie bitte ruhig!
to pay attention	aufpassen
Please pay attention!	Passt bitte auf!
Pay close attention outside!	Passen Sie draußen gut auf!
Bring the homework with you tomorrow!	Bringen Sie die Hausaufgaben morgen mit!
Excuse me, where is the hotel?	Entschuldigen Sie, wo ist das Hotel?
Please read loudly!	Lest bitte laut!
the pupil, the school student	der Schüler
The pupil is doing the homework.	Der Schüler macht die Hausaufgaben.
The teacher helps the pupil.	Der Lehrer hilft dem Schüler.
the kindergarten, the nursery school	der Kindergarten
The children play at the kindergarten.	Im Kindergarten spielen die Kinder.
The kindergarten is next to the school.	Der Kindergarten ist neben der Schule.
again, once more	noch einmal
Please say that again.	Bitte sag das noch einmal.
I am reading the book again.	Ich lese das Buch noch einmal.
to repeat	wiederholen
The teacher repeats the question.	Der Lehrer wiederholt die Frage.
Can you repeat that please?	Können Sie das bitte wiederholen?
to take a break	eine Pause machen
We are taking a break now.	Wir machen jetzt eine Pause.
Now and then I take a break.	Ab und zu mache ich eine Pause.

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