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### Two ways of saying *at least*, and they are not swappable

| | | |
|---|---|---|
| **wenigstens** | at least (a consolation) | *Es regnet, aber **wenigstens** ist es warm.* |
| **zumindest** | at least (a restriction on a claim) | *Er hat es gewusst — **zumindest** behauptet sie das.* |

**wenigstens** softens a disappointment; **zumindest** narrows what you are prepared to assert. Where a number is involved, German uses *mindestens*.

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### höchstens is the other end

**höchstens** caps a quantity or a concession: *Das dauert **höchstens** zehn Minuten.*

### The summatives

| | |
|---|---|
| **alles in allem** | all in all |
| **im Grunde genommen** | basically, when it comes down to it |
| **im Übrigen** | incidentally, for the rest |
| **zum Teil** | partly |
| **unter anderem** | among other things (often abbreviated *u. a.*) |

**im Grunde genommen** is frozen: *Grunde* keeps its old dative *-e*, and the participle never changes.

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### jedenfalls and sowieso

**jedenfalls** closes off a discussion — *whatever the case, this much holds*. **sowieso** says the point is moot because the outcome was fixed anyway: *Ich wollte **sowieso** gehen.*

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Hedging and summing up

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
all in all	alles in allem
All in all the trip was a success.	Alles in allem war die Reise ein Erfolg.
All in all the effort was worth it.	Alles in allem hat sich die Mühe gelohnt.
incidentally, for the rest	im Übrigen
Incidentally, I do not share this opinion.	Im Übrigen teile ich diese Meinung nicht.
For the rest, everything stays as it was.	Im Übrigen bleibt alles beim Alten.
partly, in part	zum Teil
The criticism is partly right.	Die Kritik ist zum Teil richtig.
The report is only partly correct.	Der Bericht stimmt nur zum Teil.
among other things	unter anderem
She speaks Spanish and French, among other things.	Sie spricht unter anderem Spanisch und Französisch.
The museum shows old maps, among other things.	Das Museum zeigt unter anderem alte Karten.
basically, when it comes down to it	im Grunde genommen
Basically he is right.	Im Grunde genommen hat er recht.
Basically everyone wanted the same thing.	Im Grunde genommen wollten alle dasselbe.
in any case, anyway	jedenfalls
I will be on time in any case.	Ich komme jedenfalls pünktlich.
In any case nobody was injured.	Jedenfalls war niemand verletzt.
at least (restricting a claim)	zumindest
He knew about it — at least that is what she claims.	Er hat es gewusst, zumindest behauptet sie das.
The plan is at least better than nothing.	Der Plan ist zumindest besser als nichts.
anyway, in any case	sowieso
I wanted to go home anyway.	Ich wollte sowieso nach Hause gehen.
The device is broken anyway.	Das Gerät ist sowieso kaputt.
at most	höchstens
That takes ten minutes at most.	Das dauert höchstens zehn Minuten.
There were at most twenty people there.	Es waren höchstens zwanzig Leute da.
at least (as a consolation)	wenigstens
It is raining, but at least it is warm.	Es regnet, aber wenigstens ist es warm.
You could at least call.	Du könntest wenigstens anrufen.

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