La membrane est composée d'une couche épaisse.

Questions & Answers about La membrane est composée d'une couche épaisse.

Why do we use d' (from de) here instead of par to introduce what the membrane is made of?
In the passive voice, the agent doing the action is usually introduced by par. However, with verbs describing a state, an emotion, or physical composition (like être composé), we use de instead. Since the membrane isn't actively being built by the layer, but rather exists in a state of being made of it, de (elided to d' before a vowel) is the right choice.
Why is there an extra e at the end of composée?
In the passive voice, the verb is formed with être + the past participle, and that past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. Because la membrane is a feminine singular noun, you must add an e to composé.
Épaisse means "thick". What is its masculine form, and why does it change so much?
The masculine form is épais. In French, when an adjective ends in a silent -s in the masculine form, you often double that final consonant and add an e to form the feminine. This is why it becomes épaisse here to agree with the feminine noun couche.
Could I use a different verb phrase to mean "is composed of" in this context?
Yes, you will frequently see est constituée de or est formée de in this kind of descriptive or scientific context. Just like composée, these verbs also take de rather than par because they describe a physical state of composition.

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