Questions & Answers about Onko uusi muistio jo luettu?
Where is the perfect passive tense in this sentence?
It is formed by combining the auxiliary verb on and the past passive participle luettu. Because this is a yes/no question, on gets the question ending -ko and jumps to the start of the sentence, splitting up the verb phrase on luettu.
Why do we use luettu instead of the active participle lukenut?
The word lukenut is the active past participle, used when you know exactly who did the action (for example, Hän on lukenut for "He has read"). Since this sentence is in the passive and we do not specify who is reading the memo, we must use the passive past participle luettu to mean "has been read".
If uusi muistio is the object being read, why isn't it in the accusative case like uuden muistion?
In Finnish, a total object (an object that undergoes a completed action) takes the nominative (basic) form instead of the genitive-like accusative form (with an -n ending) when the verb is passive. Because this is a passive sentence, uusi muistio stays in its basic dictionary form.
Why is jo translated here as "yet" instead of its usual meaning, "already"?
The word jo literally means "already". In Finnish, it is completely normal to ask if something has already happened. In English, we typically use the word "yet" in this kind of question, which is why the translation changes to make it sound natural.
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