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Finnish

### The Translative Case (-ksi)

In Finnish, the **translative case** describes a change of state, such as becoming something new or transforming into a new role. While the essive case (-na/-nä) describes *being* in a temporary state or role, the translative describes the *process of entering* that state.

To form it, add the ending **-ksi** to the inflected stem of a noun or adjective.

### Changing States

When talking about transformations, the translative case is often paired with verbs like **muuttua** (to change) or **tulla** (to become).

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If a word ends in **-nen**, its stem changes to **-se-** before adding the ending. For example, *todellinen* (real) becomes *todelliseksi*.

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The verb **tulla** usually means "to come", but paired with a word in the translative case, it means "to become".

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### Becoming a Professional

The translative case is also used when training, studying to enter a profession, or graduating. Verbs like **opiskella** (to study) and **valmistua** (to graduate) are followed by the target profession in the translative case.

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### Deadlines and Time Limits

Another common use for the translative case is to express a deadline by which something will happen or be ready. In English, this translates as "by" (e.g., "by Friday" or "by autumn").

The verb **valmistua** is especially useful here, as it can also mean "to be completed" for buildings or projects.

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You can use multiple translative endings in the same sentence to express both a change of state and a deadline.

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Change of state (-ksi)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
to change	muuttua
The weather will soon turn cold.	Sää muuttuu kohta kylmäksi.
dream	unelma
real	todellinen
My dream is now becoming real.	Minun unelmani muuttuu nyt todelliseksi.
to become	tulla
crazy	hullu
Is this game real, or am I going crazy?	Onko tämä peli todellinen, vai tulenko minä hulluksi?
This dog goes crazy at night.	Tämä koira tulee hulluksi yöllä.
nurse	sairaanhoitaja
She is studying to become a nurse here.	Hän opiskelee sairaanhoitajaksi täällä.
professional	ammattilainen
The new nurse is already a professional.	Uusi sairaanhoitaja on jo ammattilainen.
to graduate, to be completed	valmistua
engineer	insinööri
My brother graduates as an engineer in December.	Veljeni valmistuu insinööriksi joulukuussa.
Is your dream to study to become an engineer?	Onko sinun unelmasi opiskella insinööriksi?
wise	viisas
An old professional is often wise.	Vanha ammattilainen on usein viisas.
Read a lot if you want to become wise!	Lue paljon, jos haluat tulla viisaaksi!
The new hospital will be completed by autumn.	Uusi sairaala valmistuu syksyksi.
healthy, well	terve
I must get well by Friday.	Minun täytyy tulla terveeksi perjantaiksi.
Eat an apple, so you will become healthy!	Syö omena, niin tulet terveeksi!
health	terveys
Health is important.	Terveys on tärkeää.
The nurse talks about health.	Sairaanhoitaja puhuu terveydestä.
for example	esimerkiksi
He wants to become an engineer, for example.	Hän haluaa tulla esimerkiksi insinööriksi.
I want to study Finnish, for example.	Minä haluan opiskella esimerkiksi suomea.

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