Question 1

How is goftâr (گفتار) formed, and what kind of noun is it?

Accepted Answer

It is formed by taking the past stem of goftan (گفتن), which is goft (گفت), and adding the suffix -âr (ـار). This creates a manifestation noun that represents the result or physical manifestation of the action, which in this case is speech or spoken words. Other common examples of this pattern are raftâr (رفتار - behavior) and didâr (دیدار - meeting).

Question 2

The word kharidâr (خریدار) also ends in -âr (ـار). Is it exactly the same type of noun as goftâr?

Accepted Answer

Structurally, yes: it is the past stem kharid (خرید) plus the suffix -âr (ـار). However, its function is different here. While goftâr means the result of an action (speech), kharidâr refers to the person doing the action (the buyer). The -âr suffix added to a past stem can create either a manifestation noun or an agent noun (someone who does the action).

Question 3

Why does kârkonân (کارکنان) use the plural suffix -ân (ـان) instead of the standard -hâ (ـها)?

Accepted Answer

The singular word kârkon (کارکن) means employee (literally work-doer, combining kâr with the present stem of kardan). Because it refers to human beings, it typically takes the animate plural suffix -ân (ـان). While you could technically say kârkon-hâ, using -ân is much more standard and professional for this specific word.

Question 4

How do I know where to place the Ezafe in the phrase goftâr kârkonân bâ kharidâr?

Accepted Answer

The Ezafe (the invisible e-sound) links the head noun to its possessor, forming goftâr-e kârkonân (the staff's speech). You stop the Ezafe chain when you hit a preposition like bâ (با - with). Prepositions break the chain, so you do not add an Ezafe after the staff to link it to the preposition.

گفتار کارکنان با خریدار بد بود.

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