Question 1

Why is the first verb اخذ کرده instead of being conjugated like اخذ کردند?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of clause chaining, which is the focus of this lesson. When sequential actions are performed by the same subject, Farsi often turns the first verb into a past participle (اخذ کرده) without an auxiliary verb, and only conjugates the final verb (ترک کردند). It translates naturally to 'obtained the permit and left'.

Question 2

Doesn't پروانه usually mean 'butterfly'? Why does it mean 'permit' here?

Accepted Answer

You are right that پروانه is the word for 'butterfly', but in legal, business, and bureaucratic contexts, it is also the standard formal word for a 'permit' or 'license' (like a business license or work permit).

Question 3

Why does the plural word نمایندگان (representatives) use the suffix ـگان instead of the usual plural ـها?

Accepted Answer

For people and animate nouns that end in a silent 'e' (like نماینده, meaning representative), the formal plural suffix is ـگان (-gân). The silent 'e' drops, and the 'g' bridges the word to the plural ending. You might hear نماینده‌ها in casual speech, but this sentence is written in a formal register.

Question 4

Why do we see the direct object marker را used twice in such a short sentence?

Accepted Answer

Because there are two separate actions, each with its own specific direct object. The representatives obtained 'the permit' (پروانه را) and they left 'the country' (کشور را). Since both are specific, definite things being acted upon, both require را.

نمایندگان پروانه را اخذ کرده، کشور را ترک کردند.

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