Learn Farsi: ای کاش برادرم بیکار نبود و بهتر رفتار می‌کرد. - I wish my brother were not unemployed and behaved better.

Just like in English (where we say "I wish he were..." instead of "is"), Farsi uses the past tense to show that a present situation is unreal or imaginary. To express "I wish [something were different right now]", we use کاش (kâsh) or ای کاش (ey kâsh) followed by the Past Continuous tense for actions, or the Simple Past for state verbs.

The lesson says to use the Past Continuous for present unreality. Why is نبود (nabud) in the Simple Past instead of having a می (mi) prefix?

That's a very important exception! The state verbs "to be" (بودن) and "to have" (داشتن) do not normally take the می prefix in the past tense. Even when we need a Past Continuous structure for an unreal wish, these specific verbs drop back to the Simple Past. So "were not" simply becomes نبود.

What is the difference between using ای کاش (ey kâsh) here instead of just کاش (kâsh)?

There is no difference in meaning; both mean "I wish" or "if only". ای کاش is slightly more emphatic and can sound a bit more expressive or formal, but native speakers use both interchangeably in everyday conversation.

How does the verb رفتار می‌کرد (raftâr mikard) work grammatically in this sentence?

It comes from the compound verb رفتار کردن (raftâr kardan), meaning "to behave" (literally "to do behavior"). Because it is a normal action verb following for a present wish, it must be in the Past Continuous tense. The continuous prefix (mi) attaches to the conjugated verbal part (), giving us .