Breakdown of کفش کثیف بود، بیرون انداختمش.
کثیف
dirty
بودنbudan
to be
بیرونbirun
outside
کفشkafsh
shoe
انداختنandâkhtan
to throw / to drop
Questions & Answers about کفش کثیف بود، بیرون انداختمش.
How does the word انداختمش mean "I threw it"?
This word combines the verb, the subject, and the object all in one! انداخت (andâkht) is the past stem for "threw", the ـم (-am) is the subject ending for "I", and the ـش (-esh) at the very end is the object enclitic meaning "it" (referring to the shoe). Together, they form انداختمش (andâkhtamesh).
How is the ending of انداختمش pronounced?
It is pronounced andâkhtamesh. When you add the object enclitic ـش to a verb that ends in a consonant (like the ـم / -am ending), you insert a short "e" sound to connect them smoothly: andâkhtam + e + sh.
Since "it" is a specific object being thrown, why don't we see the object marker را (râ) here?
We don't need را because we used the attached object pronoun ـش (-esh). Using a verb enclitic is a very common way to say "it" in conversational Farsi, and it entirely replaces the need for a separate pronoun and object marker (which would have been آن را - ân râ).
Why is there no word for "I" before "threw"?
In Farsi, the independent subject pronoun من (man, meaning "I") is usually dropped. The verb ending ـم (-am) in انداختمش already makes it perfectly clear that "I" am the one doing the action.
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