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### The Simple Past Passive Voice

To describe completed actions where the focus is on the receiver rather than the doer, use the simple past passive.

For simple verbs, combine the **past participle** of the main verb (past stem + **ـه**) with the simple past of **شدن** (to become). Because passive subjects are usually the things receiving the action, you will mostly use the third-person singular (**شد**) or plural (**شدند**).

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In Persian, plural inanimate subjects can take either singular or plural verbs.

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### Compound Verbs in the Past Passive

For compound verbs that use **کردن** (to do/make), forming the passive is even simpler. Instead of creating a past participle, just replace **کردن** with **شد** or **شدند**.

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Notice how this plural inanimate subject takes a singular verb in the passive:

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The past passive voice (shod)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
mine	معدنma'dan
This mine was found in the mountain.	این معدن در کوه پیدا شد.in ma'dan dar kuh peydâ shod
tunnel	تونلtunel
Both the tunnel and the road were built for the mine.	هم تونل و هم جاده برای معدن ساخته شدند.ham tunel va ham jâdde barâye ma'dan sâkhte shodand.
to dig (a hole, well, or trench)	حفر کردنhafr kardan
That dark tunnel was dug.	آن تونل تاریک حفر شد.ân tunel târik hafr shod.
silver	نقرهnoghre
to extract	استخراج کردنestekhrâj kardan
Gold and silver were extracted from the ground.	طلا و نقره از زمین استخراج شد.talâ va noqre az zamin estekhrâj shod.
shiny	براقbarrâgh
The shiny silver was taken to the factory.	نقره‌ی براق به کارخانه برده شد.noghre-ye barrâgh be kârkhâne borde shod.
diamond	الماسalmâs
Five large diamonds were extracted here.	پنج الماس بزرگ اینجا استخراج شد.panj almâs bozorg injâ estekhrâj shod.
to cut / to carve (by shaving or scraping)	تراشیدنtarâshidan
Each diamond was cut quickly.	هر الماس سریع تراشیده شد.har almâs sarî tarâshide shod
ruby	یاقوتyâqut
The red ruby was cut for the king.	یاقوت قرمز برای پادشاه تراشیده شد.yâqut-e qermez barâye pâdeshâh tarâshide shod.
Ten rubies were extracted from the dirt.	ده یاقوت از خاک استخراج شد.dah yâqut az khâk estekhrâj shod.
emerald	زمردzomorrod
A green emerald was found under the rock.	یک زمرد سبز زیر سنگ پیدا شد.yek zomorrod sabz zir sang peydâ shod.
Either the diamond or the emerald was stolen.	یا الماس یا زمرد دزدیده شد.yâ almâs yâ zomorrod dozdide shod.
The emerald was expensive, so it was hidden in the box.	زمرد گران بود، پس در جعبه پنهان شد.zomorrod gerân bud, pas dar ja'be penhân shod.
Because they wanted wealth, the ground was dug.	چون آنها ثروت می‌خواستند، زمین حفر شد.chon ânhâ servat mikhâstand, zamin hafr shod.
The shiny stones were sent to the city.	سنگ‌های براق به شهر فرستاده شدند.sang-hâ-ye barrâq be shahr ferestâde shodand