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You walk into the kitchen, and it is an absolute disaster. To figure out who caused this, you will need to make some deductions.

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To express logical probability in the past (saying someone *must have* done something), use **باید** (must) followed by the **Present Perfect Subjunctive** (ماضی التزامی).

### Forming the Present Perfect Subjunctive

The formula is: **Past Participle (Past Stem + ه)** + **Subjunctive of بودن (to be)**

| Pronoun | Auxiliary | Example: رفتن (to go) | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| من | باشم | رفته باشم | I have gone |
| تو | باشی | رفته باشی | You have gone |
| او / آن | باشد | رفته باشد | He/She/It has gone |
| ما | باشیم | رفته باشیم | We have gone |
| شما | باشید | رفته باشید | You have gone |
| آن‌ها | باشند | رفته باشند | They have gone |

### Making Past Deductions

Place **باید** before the Present Perfect Subjunctive to mean *must have [verb]-ed*.

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You can use this structure with any verb to follow the trail of clues.

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Past deductions (bâyad... bâshad)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
soup	سوپsoup
to boil over	سر رفتنsar raftan
The soup must have boiled over.	سوپ باید سر رفته باشد.sup bâyad sar rafte bâshad.
mess	کثیف‌کاریkasif-kâri
Someone must have made a mess in the kitchen.	کسی باید در آشپزخانه کثیف‌کاری کرده باشد.kasi bâyad dar âshpazkhâne kasif-kâri karde bâshad.
sticky	چسبناکchasbnâk
jam	مرباmorabbâ
This sticky stain must have been jam.	این لکه‌ی چسبناک باید مربا بوده باشد.in lekke-ye chasbnâk bâyad morabbâ bude bâshad.
frying pan	ماهی‌تابهmâhitâbe
sink	سینکsink
He must have put the frying pan in the sink.	او باید ماهی‌تابه را در سینک گذاشته باشد.u bâyad mâhi-tâbe râ dar sink gozâshte bâshad.
sponge	اسفنجesfenj
The sponge must have fallen inside the sink.	اسفنج باید داخل سینک افتاده باشد.esfanj bâyad dâkhel-e sink oftâde bâshad.
sauce	سسsos
This sauce is very sticky.	این سس خیلی چسبناک است.in sos kheyli chasbnâk ast.
I doubt that the soup has boiled over.	من شک دارم که سوپ سر رفته باشد.man shakk dâram ke sup sar rafte bâshad.
You must clean the jam from the sink with a sponge.	شما باید مربا را با اسفنج از سینک پاک کنید.shomâ bâyad morabbâ râ bâ esfanj az sink pâk konid.
The cats must have made a mess in the house.	گربه‌ها باید تو خونه کثیف‌کاری کرده باشن.gorbe-hâ bâyad tu khune kasif-kâri karde bâshan.
oven	فرfer
Someone must have poured the sauce inside the oven.	یک نفر باید سس را داخل فر ریخته باشد.yek nafar bâyad sos râ dâkhel-e for rikhte bâshad.
The chef must have left the dirty frying pan in the oven.	سرآشپز باید ماهی‌تابه‌ی کثیف را در فر جا گذاشته باشد.sarâshpaz bâyad mâhitâbe-ye kasif râ dar for jâ gozâshte bâshad.