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### The Formal Preposition: علی‌رغم

To express "despite" or "in spite of" in formal Farsi, use the preposition **علی‌رغم**.

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It connects to the following noun or pronoun using the *ezafe* vowel. When starting a sentence, the phrase is usually separated from the main clause by a comma.

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### Placement in the Sentence

While starting a sentence with this preposition is common, it can also be placed in the middle of a sentence. When the phrase directly follows the subject, it is often set off by commas.

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### Emphasizing Obstacles

You can use this structure with both concrete objects and abstract concepts like **دیرکرد** (delay) or **دشواری** (difficulty).

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Formal concessive prepositions (alâ-raghm-e)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
despite / in spite of	علی‌رغمalâ-raghm
tireless	خستگی‌ناپذیرkhastegi-nâpazir
distribution / delivery (of goods)	توزیعtowzi'
Despite the rain, the tireless mail carrier wants to finish the distribution of the letters today.	علی‌رغم باران، پستچی خستگی‌ناپذیر می‌خواهد امروز توزیع نامه‌ها را تمام کند.ali-raghm-e bârân, postchi-ye khastegi-nâpazir mikhâhad emruz towzi'-e nâme-hâ râ tamâm konad.
difficulty	دشواریdoshvâri
committed	متعهدmote'ahhed
Despite the difficulties, this committed mail carrier still delivers the packages on time.	علی‌رغم دشواری‌ها، این پستچی متعهد هنوز مرسوله‌ها را به موقع تحویل می‌دهد.aliraghm-e doshvâri-hâ, in postchi mota'ahhed hanuz mursule-hâ râ be mowghe tahvil midahad.
conscientious	وظیفه‌شناسvazife-shenâs
house number / plaque (license plate, metal tag)	پلاکpelâk
illegible	ناخواناnâkhânâ
The conscientious mail carrier found the house, despite the illegible house number.	پستچی وظیفه‌شناس، علی‌رغم پلاک ناخوانا، خانه را پیدا کرد.postchi-ye vazife-shenâs, ali-raghm-e pelâk-e nâkhânâ, khâne râ peydâ kard.
delay (lateness, overdue)	دیرکردdirkard
mailbox	صندوق پستیsandugh-e posti
Despite the delay, the package is inside your mailbox.	علی‌رغم دیرکرد، مرسوله داخل صندوق پستی شما است.ali-raghm-e dirkard, mursule dâkhel-e sandogh-e postiye shomâ ast.
Finding an illegible address is hard, but nothing tires him.	پیدا کردن آدرس ناخوانا سخت است، اما هیچ‌چیز او را خسته نمی‌کند.peydâ kardan-e âdres-e nâkhânâ sakht ast, ammâ hich-chiz u râ khaste nemikonad.
Committed employees do not want there to be any delay in the work.	کارمندان متعهد نمی‌خواهند هیچ دیرکردی در کار باشد.kârmandân mote'ahhed nemikhâhand hich dirkardi dar kâr bâshad.
The conscientious mail carrier checks the house numbers exactly for the distribution of the packages.	پستچی وظیفه‌شناس برای توزیع مرسوله‌ها پلاک‌ها را دقیقاً بررسی می‌کند.postchi vazife-shenâs barâye towzi'-e marsule-hâ pelâk-hâ râ daqiqan barresi mikonad.
The tireless mail carrier still puts the letters in the mailbox every morning.	پستچی خستگی‌ناپذیر هنوز هر صبح نامه‌ها را در صندوق پستی می‌گذارد.postchi khastegi-nâpazir hanuz har sobh nâme-hâ râ dar sandogh posti migozârad.
Despite the scary dog, the mail carrier did not escape.	علی‌رغم سگ ترسناک، پستچی فرار نکرد.ali-raghm-e sag-e tarsnâk, postchi farâr nakard.
Nobody wants to read the illegible address.	هیچ‌کس نمی‌خواهد آدرس ناخوانا را بخواند.hich-kas nemikhâhad âdres nâkhânâ râ bekhânad.
Despite the great difficulty, the mail carrier delivered the parcel today.	علی‌رغم دشواری زیاد، پستچی مرسوله را امروز تحویل داد.ali-raghm-e doshvâri-ye ziâd, postchi marsule râ emrooz tahvil dâd.