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### The Formal "Consists Of"

To formally state what an object is made of, or to define a concept, use the fixed prepositional predicate **عبارت است از**. Derived from the infinitive **عبارت بودن از**, it translates to "consists of," "comprises," or "is defined as." The structure is simple: state your subject, follow it with **عبارت است از**, and then list the components.

In this lesson, we will practice this formal structure by breaking down the anatomy of a handwoven (**دست‌بافت**) carpet, pointing out its borders and its central medallion (**ترنج**).

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### Defining Details

When describing the finer points of a rug's anatomy, you will encounter terms like corner pieces (**لچک**) and individual motifs (**نگاره**). You can use **عبارت است از** to give formal definitions for these elements, detailing what sits at the perimeter (**پیرامون**) of the rug's background.

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### Symmetry and Arabesque Motifs

Traditional Persian carpets are famous for their breathtaking symmetry (**تقارن**) and curvilinear, floral arabesque patterns (**اسلیمی**).

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### The Weaver's Craft

Finally, bringing all these elements together requires the incredible skill and patience of a weaver (**بافنده**), who spends countless hours working at the rug loom (**دار قالی**).

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Formal composition (ebârat ast az)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
handwoven	دست‌بافتdast-bâft
to consist of / to be defined as / to comprise	عبارت بودن ازebârat budan az
This handwoven carpet consists of a border and a background.	این فرش دست‌بافت عبارت است از حاشیه و زمینه.in farsh dast-bâft ebârat ast az hâshiye va zamine.
medallion (in a rug)	ترنجtoranj
The main design consists of a medallion and a border.	طرح اصلی عبارت است از ترنج و حاشیه.tarh-e asli ebârat ast az toranj o hâshiye.
around / perimeter of	پیرامونpirâmun
motif / illustration	نگارهnegâre
arabesque / curvilinear floral pattern	اسلیمیeslimi
The area around the medallion is full of arabesque motifs.	پیرامون ترنج پر از نگاره‌های اسلیمی است.pirâmun-e toranj por az negâre-hâ-ye eslimi ast.
symmetry	تقارنtaqârun
corner piece / spandrel (in a rug)	لچکlachak
The symmetry in the corner pieces of this small rug is unique.	تقارن در لچک‌های این قالیچه بی‌نظیر است.taqârun dar lachak-hâ-ye in qâliche bi-nazir ast.
A corner piece is defined as a motif in the corners of the rug.	لچک عبارت است از یک نگاره در گوشه‌های قالی.lachak ebârat ast az yek negâre dar gushe-hâ-ye qâli.
weaver	بافندهbâfande
Weavers usually use arabesque motifs.	بافندگان معمولاً از نگاره‌های اسلیمی استفاده می‌کنند.bâfandegân ma'mulan az negâre-hâ-ye eslimi estefâde mikonand
rug loom	دار قالیdâr-e qâli
In addition to this, weavers sit at the rug loom for hours.	علاوه بر این، بافندگان ساعت‌ها پشت دار قالی می‌نشینند.elâve bar in, bâfandegân sâ'at-hâ posht-e dâr-e qâli minshinand
She has beautifully shown symmetry in this handwoven carpet.	او تقارن را در این فرش دست‌بافت به زیبایی نشان داده است.u taqârun râ dar in farsh dast-bâft be zibâyi neshân dâde ast.
I do not want the old rug loom anymore.	من دیگر دار قالی قدیمی را نمی‌خواهم.man digar dâr-e qâli-ye qadimi râ nemikhâham
The border consists of a frame around the background of the carpet.	حاشیه عبارت است از یک قاب پیرامون زمینه‌ی فرش.hâshiye ebârat ast az yek ghâb pirâmun zamine-ye farsh.
This weaver shows his skill in handwoven carpets.	این بافنده مهارت خود را در فرش‌های دست‌بافت نشان می‌دهد.in bâfande mahârat khod râ dar farsh-hâ-ye dast-bâft neshân midahad.
The medallion is in the middle and the corner pieces are in the corners.	ترنج در وسط و لچک‌ها در گوشه‌ها هستند.toranj dar vasat va lachak-hâ dar gushe-hâ hastand.