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In Farsi, compound verbs are incredibly common. They usually consist of a noun or adjective followed by a light verb like **کردن** (to do) or **دادن** (to give). 

Normally, to express the direct object of a verb, you might use an independent pronoun followed by the object marker **را** (for example: **او را ردیابی کردم** - I tracked him). However, there is a much more compact, natural-sounding shortcut!

### Attaching Enclitics to the Noun

Instead of using an independent pronoun, you can attach an object enclitic directly to the *non-verb* component of the compound verb. 

For "him", "her", or "it", use the third-person singular enclitic **اش** (often written simply as **ش** when attached). The enclitic slides right into the middle of the compound verb, safely sandwiched between the noun and the light verb.

{{item:814422}}

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### Working with Different Tenses and Negation

This structure works beautifully regardless of the verb's tense or whether the sentence is affirmative or negative. The enclitic stays firmly glued to the noun component, while the light verb does all the heavy lifting for the tense and conjugation.

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### Other Pronouns: Using "Us"

You aren't limited to the third person. You can attach any pronominal enclitic to the noun component to change the object. 

For example, to express "us" as the object, attach the first-person plural enclitic **مان** (or **امان**). Notice in the next example how the enclitics perfectly handle both "him" and "us" without needing a single independent pronoun.

{{item:814445}}

Enclitics in compound verbs (-ash, -emân)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
hostage	گروگانgerowgân
to track (a trace, path, or location)	ردیابی کردنradyâbi kardan
The villain took a hostage, but I tracked him.	شرور گروگان گرفت، اما من ردیابی‌اش کردم.sharur gerogân gereft, ammâ man radyâbi-ash kardam.
armor	زرهzereh
to possess / to conquer (capture, overtake, or spiritual possession)	تسخیر کردنtaskhir kardan
This armor was strong, but the alien possessed it.	این زره قوی بود، اما بیگانه تسخیرش کرد.in zereh qavi bud, ammâ bigâne taskhirash kard
immortal	جاودانهjâvdâne
to exile	تبعید کردنtab'id kardan
Because he was immortal, they exiled him to space.	چون جاودانه بود، به فضا تبعیدش کردند.chon jâvedâne bud, be fazâ tab'idash kardand.
trap	تلهtale
We must set a trap for him and arrest him.	باید برای او تله بگذاریم و دستگیرش کنیم.bâyad barâye u tale begozârim va dastgirash konim.
to pursue / to chase	تعقیب کردنta'qib kardan
While he was taking the hostage, we pursued him.	در حالی که گروگان را می‌برد، تعقیبش کردیم.dar hâli ke gerowgân râ mibord, ta'qibash kardim.
He is in a trap, perhaps they have tricked him!	او در تله است، شاید فریبش داده باشند!u dar tale ast, shâyad faribash dâde bâshand!
They thought he was immortal, but they defeated him.	آنها فکر می‌کردند که جاودانه است، اما شکستش دادند.ânhâ fekr mikardand ke jâvedâne ast, ammâ shekastash dâdand.
mask (disguise, veil, or theatrical)	نقابneqâb
Before they released him, he took off his mask.	قبل از اینکه رهایش کنند، نقابش را برداشت.ghabl az inke rahâyash konand, neqâbash râ bardâsht.
Whoever falls into the trap, we interrogate them.	هر کس که در تله بیفتد، بازجویی‌اش می‌کنیم.har kas ke dar tale beyoftad, bâzjuyi-ash mikonim.
We could not track him, therefore we did not pursue him.	نتوانستیم ردیابی‌اش کنیم، بنابراین تعقیبش نکردیم.natavânestim radyâbi'ash konim, banâbarin ta'qibash nakardim.
The villain hid the mask, but they possessed him.	شرور نقاب را پنهان کرد، اما تسخیرش کردند.sharur neqâb râ penhân kard, ammâ taskhirash kardand.
The superhero broke the armor and exiled him.	ابرقهرمان زره را شکست و تبعیدش کرد.abarqahremân zereh râ shekast va tab'idash kard.
to torture	شکنجه کردنshekanje kardan
We hope that they do not torture him and he rescues us.	امیدواریم که شکنجه‌اش نکنند و نجاتمان دهد.omidvârim ke shekanje-ash nakonand va nejâtemân dahad.
The enemy tortured him, but he did not reveal the hideout.	دشمن شکنجه‌اش کرد، اما او مخفیگاه را فاش نکرد.doshman shekanje-ash kard, ammâ u makhfigâh râ fâsh nakard.

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