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Welcome to the circus! Before we learn how a trainer makes animals perform, let's look at the basic setting and vocabulary for taming wild animals.

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### Forming Causative Verbs

To turn an intransitive verb into a transitive one (where the action is done *to* a direct object, like *making* an animal dance), Farsi uses a simple causative formula:

**Present Stem + اندن or انیدن**

While both suffixes exist, **اندن** is the most common in modern Farsi. Here is how you transform a few common verbs to talk about a circus act:

| Base Verb (Intransitive) | Present Stem | Causative Verb | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| رقصیدن (to dance) | رقص | رقصاندن | to make dance |
| پریدن (to jump) | پر | پراندن | to make jump / fly |
| دویدن (to run) | دو | دواندن | to make run |

Let's see the trainer put these causative verbs into practice. Notice how the animal is now the direct object (taking the marker **را**) because the trainer is acting upon it.

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### Prefixed Verbs

This exact same rule applies to prefixed verbs. For example, **برگشتن** means "to return" or "to come back" (intransitive). Its present stem is **برگرد**. By adding **اندن**, we get **برگرداندن** — "to bring back" or "to return something" (transitive).

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### The Final Show

Once the trainer masters these causatives and gets the animals to perform perfectly, there is only one thing left for the audience to do: applaud the tricks!

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Causative verbs (-ândan, -ânidan)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
tamer	رام‌کنندهrâm-konande
circus	سیرکsirk
The tamer works in a big circus.	رام‌کننده در یک سیرک بزرگ کار می‌کند.râm-konande dar yek sirk bozorg kâr mikonad.
to tame	رام کردنrâm kardan
Taming a tiger is dangerous.	رام کردن ببر خطرناک است.rām kardan babr khatarnâk ast.
The tamer himself tames the wild bear.	رام‌کننده خودش خرس وحشی را رام می‌کند.râm-konande khodash khers-e vahshi râ râm mikonad.
cage	قفسqafas
The tamer opened the cage in the circus.	رام‌کننده در سیرک قفس را باز کرد.râm-konande dar sirk ghafas râ bâz kard.
to make dance	رقصاندنraqsândan
He knows how to make the bear dance.	او می‌داند که چطور خرس را برقصاند.u midânad ke chetor khers râ beraghsânad.
to make jump / to make fly	پراندنparândan
The trainer makes the tiger jump from the cage.	مربی ببر را از قفس می‌پراند.morabbi babr râ az qafas miparânad.
to make run	دواندنdavândan
They made the horses run in the circus.	آنها اسب‌ها را در سیرک دواندند.ânhâ asb-hâ râ dar sirk davândand.
to bring back / to return (transitive)	برگرداندنbargardândan
The tamer could not bring back the monkey.	رام‌کننده نمی‌توانست میمون را برگرداند.râm-konande nemitavânest meymun râ bargardânad.
trick / stunt (performance)	شیرین‌کاریshirin-kâri
to applaud / to cheer	تشویق کردنtashvigh kardan
The spectators applaud this amazing trick.	تماشاگران این شیرین‌کاری شگفت‌انگیز را تشویق می‌کنند.tamâshâgarân in shirin-kâri shegeft-angiz râ tashviq mikonand.
It seems that the spectators applaud the tricks.	به نظر می‌رسد که تماشاگران شیرین‌کاری‌ها را تشویق می‌کنند.be nazar miresad ke tamâshâgarân shirin-kâri-hâ râ tashviq mikonand.
If he makes the elephant dance, we will applaud.	اگر او فیل را برقصاند، ما تشویق می‌کنیم.agar u fil râ beraghsânad, mâ tashvigh mikonim.
The trainer could make the dog run fast.	مربی می‌توانست سگ را تند بدواند.morabbi mitavânest sag râ tond bedavânad.
The dog itself makes the cat jump!	سگ خودش گربه را می‌پراند!sag khodash gorbe râ miparânad!
I brought the bird back to the cage.	من پرنده را به قفس برگرداندم.man parande râ be qafas bargardândam.