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### Action Nouns (-esh)

In Farsi, many nouns that describe an action, process, or state are derived directly from verbs. Form these action nouns by attaching the suffix **ش** to the **present stem** of a verb.

For example, taking the present stem **گرد** (from the verb meaning "to turn" or "to revolve") and adding **ش** gives you **گردش** (circulation or turning).

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### Weather and Natural Phenomena

This suffix is extremely common when describing weather, seasonal changes, and natural processes.

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### Physical Forces and Sensations

These nouns also describe physical sensations and natural forces acting on the body or environment.

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Action nouns (-esh)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
circulation / turning	گردشgardesh
How long did the Earth's revolution take?	گردش زمین چقدر طول کشید؟gardesh-e zamin cheqadr tul keshid?
They studied the cycle of the seasons.	آنها گردش فصل‌ها را مطالعه کردند.ânhâ gardesh-e fasl-hâ râ motâle'e kardand.
rotation	چرخشcharkhesh
Did you see the rotation of this planet?	چرخش این سیاره را دیدی؟charkhesh in sayyâre râ didi?
I watched the swirling of the water in the river.	من چرخش آب در رودخانه را تماشا کردم.man charkheshe âb dar rudkhâne râ tamâshâ kardam.
precipitation / rainfall	بارشbâresh
We watched the snowfall.	ما بارش برف را تماشا کردیم.mâ bâresh-e barf râ tamâshâ kardim.
The precipitation ended last night.	دیشب بارش تمام شد.dishab bâresh tamâm shod.
blowing	وزشvazesh
The blowing of the wind was so severe that the tree broke.	وزش باد آن‌قدر شدید بود که درخت شکست.vazesh-e bâd ânqadr shadid bud ke derakht shekast.
Did you feel the blowing of the wind?	آیا وزش باد را حس کردی؟âyâ vazesh-e bâd râ hess kardi?
tremor / shaking	لرزشlarzesh
Before the earthquake, I felt the tremor of the ground.	من قبل از زلزله، لرزش زمین را حس کردم.man qabl az zelzele, larzeshe zamin râ hess kardam.
His hand's trembling was from panic.	لرزش دستش از وحشت بود.lerzesh-e dastash az vahshat bud.
shining / radiation	تابشtâbesh
The shining of the sun on the sea is very beautiful.	تابش آفتاب روی دریا خیلی زیبا است.tâbesh-e âftâb ruye daryâ kheyli zibâ ast.
Plants need the shining of light.	گیاهان به تابش نور نیاز دارند.giyâhân be tâbeš-e nur niyâz dârand.
falling / shedding	ریزشrizesh
Leaf fall happens in this season.	ریزش برگ‌ها در این فصل اتفاق می‌افتد.rizesh barg-hâ dar in fasl ettefâq mioftad.
The landslide blocked the road.	ریزش کوه جاده را مسدود کرد.rizesh-e kuh jâdde râ masdud kard.
cover / covering	پوششpushesh
The forest has a green cover.	جنگل یک پوشش سبز دارد.jangal yek pushesh sabz dârad.
The snow covered the ground with a white cover.	برف زمین را با یک پوشش سفید پوشاند.barf zamin râ bâ yek pushesh sefid pushând.
The burning in my eye was because of the fire.	سوزش چشمم به خاطر آتش بود.suzeshe cheshmam be khâtere âtash bud.
I no longer feel the burning of the wound.	من دیگر سوزش زخم را حس نمی‌کنم.man dīgar sūzesh zakhm râ hess nemikonam.
pull / attraction	کششkeshesh
The pull of gravity on this planet is strong.	کشش جاذبه در این سیاره قوی است.keshesh-e jâzebe dar in sayyâre ghavi ast.
They calculated the pull between the sun and the earth.	آنها کشش بین خورشید و زمین را محاسبه کردند.ânhâ keshesh beyn-e khorshid o zamin râ mohâsebe kardand.