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In a philosophy class, you often discuss abstract concepts like "goodness," "beauty," and "freedom." In Farsi, turning an adjective into an abstract noun is straightforward: simply add the stressed suffix **ی** to the end of the word.

### Forming Abstract Nouns

For most adjectives ending in a consonant, attach **ی** directly.

| Adjective | Abstract Noun (ی) |
|---|---|
| خوب (good) | خوبی (goodness) |
| بد (bad) | بدی (evil) |
| جوان (young) | جوانی (youth) |
| برابر (equal) | برابری (equality) |

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### Adjectives Ending in Vowels

If the base adjective ends in a long vowel like **ا** (such as زیبا or تنها), add a glide to smoothly connect the sounds, writing the suffix as **یی**.

| Adjective | Abstract Noun (یی) |
|---|---|
| زیبا (beautiful) | زیبایی (beauty) |
| تنها (alone) | تنهایی (loneliness) |

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These newly formed nouns act exactly like standard nouns in Farsi. You can easily use them as subjects, direct objects, or objects of prepositions.

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Abstract nouns (-i)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
philosophy	فلسفهfalsafe
ethics	اخلاقakhlâq
The professor talked about ethics in the philosophy class.	استاد در کلاس فلسفه در مورد اخلاق صحبت کرد.ostâd dar kelâs-e falsafe dar morede akhlâq sohbat kard.
goodness	خوبیkhubi
beauty	زیباییzibâyi
Goodness and beauty are in human nature.	خوبی و زیبایی در طبیعت انسان است.khubi va zibâyi dar tabi'at ensân ast.
evil	بدیbadi
No one in this class chose evil.	هیچ‌کس در این کلاس بدی را انتخاب نکرد.hich-kas dar in kelâs badi râ entekhâb nakard.
freedom	آزادیâzâdi
We discuss freedom in the philosophy class.	ما در کلاس فلسفه درباره‌ی آزادی بحث می‌کنیم.mâ dar kelâs-e falsafe darbâre-ye âzâdi bahs mikonim
youth	جوانیjavâni
old age	پیریpiri
A human does not think about old age in youth.	انسان در جوانی به پیری فکر نمی‌کند.ensân dar javâni be piri fekr nemikonad.
loneliness / alone / by oneself	تنهاییtanhâyi
We hope that you do not spend your youth in loneliness.	امیدواریم که جوانی خود را در تنهایی نگذرانید.omidvârim ke javâni-ye khod râ dar tanhâyi nagozarânid.
Ethics is not only about goodness.	اخلاق فقط درباره‌ی خوبی نیست.akhlâq faqat darbâre-ye khubi nist.
Does anyone choose evil for freedom?	آیا کسی بدی را برای آزادی انتخاب می‌کند؟âyâ kasi badi râ barâye âzâdi entekhâb mikonad?
Beauty is not only in youth, it is also in old age.	زیبایی فقط در جوانی نیست، در پیری هم هست.zibâyi faqat dar javâni nist, dar piri ham hast.
Nothing is worse than loneliness in illness.	هیچ‌چیز بدتر از تنهایی در بیماری نیست.hich-chiz badtar az tanhâyi dar bimâri nist.
equal	برابرbarâbar
concept	مفهومmafhum
The professor said that equality is a beautiful concept.	استاد گفت که برابری یک مفهوم زیبا است.ostâd goft ke barâbari yek mafhum zibâ ast.
happy (joyful, cheerful)	شادshâd
Is happiness an important concept in philosophy?	آیا شادی یک مفهوم مهم در فلسفه است؟âyâ shâdi yek mafhum mohem dar falsafe ast?
How did they explain the concept of loyalty?	مفهوم وفاداری را چطور توضیح دادند؟mafhum-e vafâdâri râ chetor towzih dâdand?
Perhaps equality brings happiness.	شاید برابری شادی بیاورد.shâyad barâbari shâdi biâvarad.
I think that laziness is an illness.	فکر می‌کنم که تنبلی یک بیماری است.fekr mikonam ke tanbali yek bimâri ast.