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### The Accusative Case and Adverbs (ـاً)

In Arabic, nouns and adjectives can change their endings depending on their grammatical role. One of these roles is the **accusative case**.

For indefinite words (words without "the"), the accusative case is highly visible. It appears as an Alif topped with a double stroke (ـاً) at the end of the word.

One of its main functions is to create adverbs—words that describe *how*, *when*, or *to what degree* something happens. Some of the most common conversational Arabic expressions are simply accusative words!

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### Adverbs of Time and Frequency

You can use the ـاً suffix to turn time-related nouns into adverbs that describe *when* an action takes place. For example, the noun ليل (night) becomes ليلا (at night), and نهار (daytime) becomes نهارا (during the day).

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Many words describing frequency natively use this accusative ending, such as دائما (always) and أحيانا (sometimes).

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### Adjectives Used as Adverbs

Finally, you can add the ـاً suffix to standard adjectives to describe *how* or *to what extent* an action is performed. 

For example, taking adjectives like قليل (little), مبكر (early), or متأخر (late) turns them into the adverbs قليلا (a little), مبكرا (early), and متأخرا (late).

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The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Expressing purpose (لـ)

Question	Answer
very	جداjiddan
This tea is very hot.	هذا الشاي حار جدا.hâdhâ ash-shây hârrun jiddan
I am very busy now.	أنا مشغول جدا الآن.ana mashghûlun jiddan al-âna
thank you	شكراshukran
Thank you, this food is very delicious.	شكرا، هذا الطعام لذيذ جدا.shukran, hâdhâ at-taâmu ladhîdhun jiddan.
Thank you for the help.	شكرا على المساعدة.shukran 'alâ al-musâ'adah.
you are welcome / excuse me	عفواafwan
not (with present verb)	لاlâ
night	ليلlayl
Excuse me, I do not drink coffee at night.	عفوا، أنا لا أشرب القهوة ليلا.'afwan, ana lâ ashrabu al-qahwata laylan
You are welcome, no problem.	عفوا، لا مشكلة.afwan, lâ mushkilata.
He studies a lot at night.	هو يدرس كثيرا ليلا.huwa yadrusu kathîran laylan
daytime	نهارnahâr
We play tennis during the day.	نحن نلعب كرة التنس نهارا.nahnu nalabu kurata t-tinisi nahâran
She reads during the day and writes at night.	هي تقرأ نهارا وتكتب ليلا.hiya taqra'u nahâran wa taktubu laylan.
always	دائماdâ'iman
I always walk in the garden.	أنا أمشي دائما في الحديقة.ana amshi dâ'iman fil-hadîqah.
This student always studies.	هذا الطالب يدرس دائما.hâdhâ at-tâlibu yadrusu dâ'iman
sometimes	أحياناaḥyânan
Sometimes, I walk to the school.	أحيانا، أمشي إلى المدرسة.ahyânan, amshî ilâ al-madrasah.
The dog sometimes plays with the cat.	الكلب يلعب أحيانا مع القط.al-kalbu yalabu ahyânan maa al-qitti.
a little / few	قليلqalîl
I am a little tired now.	أنا متعب قليلا الآن.ana mut'abun qalîlan al-ân
He eats a little and drinks water a lot.	هو يأكل قليلا ويشرب الماء كثيرا.huwa ya'kulu qalîlan wa yashrabu al-mâ'a kathîran
early	مبكرmubakkir
The doctor goes to the hospital early.	الطبيب يذهب إلى المستشفى مبكرا.at-tabîbu yadh-habu ilâ al-mustashfâ mubakkiran
I study early and play a little.	أنا أدرس مبكرا وألعب قليلا.ana adrusu mubakkiran wa al'abu qalîlan
late	متأخرmuta'akhkhir
My colleague returns from the office late.	زميلي يرجع من المكتب متأخرا.zamîlî yarji'u minal maktabi muta'akhkhiran
He always travels late.	هو يسافر متأخرا دائما.huwa yusâfiru muta'akhkhiran dâ'iman
really	حقاhaqqan
The film is really interesting.	الفيلم ممتع حقا.al-filmu mumti'un haqqan
You are really smart!	أنت ذكي حقا!anta dhakiyyun haqqan
He does not eat at night.	هو لا يأكل ليلا.huwa lâ ya'kulu laylan.
I work as a doctor at the hospital.	أعمل طبيبا في المستشفى.a'malu tabîban fî al-mustashfâ
She works as a nurse.	هي تعمل ممرضة.hiya tamalu mumarridatan.

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