Most Ukrainian pasts are tame: take the infinitive stem, add -в / -ла / -ло / -ли, done (past formation). But a cluster of very high-frequency verbs produces a masculine that looks alarming — ніс, віз, міг, пік, ліг, біг — short, bare, ending in a raw consonant, sometimes with a warped vowel. This page is the consolidated reference for them. The good news, repeated here because it is the whole point: these forms are not memorise-one-by-one irregulars like English went or brought. They follow a tight phonological logic by stem type. The companion page on the л→в shift introduces the mechanism; this page is the inventory you can scan when you hit one in the wild.
The shape of the rule, in one line
When a verb's stem ends in a consonant (the -сти́ / -зти́ / -кти́ / -гти́ infinitives), the masculine past cannot add -в. It ends in the bare stem consonant with zero ending, while the feminine, neuter and plural add -ла / -ло / -ли and look perfectly normal. So the masculine is the stripped-down member of the set, and the feminine shows you the real stem.
The core inventory: bare masculines
These are the consonant-stem verbs you will meet most. Read the masculine column across — it is uniformly bare, no -в — then the feminine column, where the stem returns in full.
| Infinitive | masc (bare) | fem -ла | neut -ло | plural -ли | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| нести́ | ніс | несла́ | несло́ | несли́ | carry |
| везти́ | віз | везла́ | везло́ | везли́ | transport / cart |
| могти́ | міг | могла́ | могло́ | могли́ | be able / can |
| пекти́ | пік | пекла́ | пекло́ | пекли́ | bake |
| берегти́ | беріг | берегла́ | берегло́ | берегли́ | guard / keep |
| лягти́ | ліг | лягла́ | лягло́ | лягли́ | lie down |
| бі́гти | біг | бі́гла | бі́гло | бі́гли | run |
Notice the monosyllabic masculines — ніс, віз, міг, пік, ліг, біг — carry no written stress mark because a one-syllable word needs none; the stress simply falls on the only vowel. The feminines are end-stressed (несла́, могла́, пекла́, берегла́, лягла́) except for бі́гла, which keeps root stress throughout.
Я ніс важкі́ су́мки, а вона́ несла́ ті́льки парасо́льку.
I was carrying the heavy bags, while she carried only an umbrella. (ніс — bare masculine; несла́ — feminine, full stem.)
Я не міг засну́ти всю ніч, а вона́ могла́ спа́ти за будь-яко́го шу́му.
I couldn't fall asleep all night, but she could sleep through any noise. (міг / могла́ — the pair you'll use most.)
Хто пік цей хліб? — Я пік, а сестра́ пекла́ пироги́.
Who baked this bread? — I did, and my sister baked the pies. (пік / пекла́.)
Він ліг ра́но, бо встава́ти тре́ба о ше́стій.
He went to bed early, because he has to get up at six. (ліг — bare masculine of лягти́; fem лягла́.)
The о/і and е/і shift in the masculine
The second layer: the bare masculine usually sits in a closed syllable (it ends in a consonant), and Ukrainian flips о → і and е → і in closed syllables — the very same alternation you see in nouns like стіл / сто́лу and ніч / но́чі (the о/і alternation). When the feminine reopens the syllable with -ла, the original vowel comes back.
| Masculine (closed syllable → і) | Feminine (open → о/е restored) | Underlying vowel |
|---|---|---|
| міг | могла́ | о |
| віз | везла́ | е |
| беріг | берегла́ | е → о region; і in masc |
| ніс | несла́ | е (older alternation) |
So the і you see in the masculine is not random: it is the closed-syllable reflex of the vowel that the feminine reveals. This is exactly why deriving the feminine from the masculine on the fly is risky — the masculine hides the real vowel — and why the masc/fem pair is the unit to memorise.
Він беріг ці листи́ всі ці ро́ки, а вона́ берегла́ ста́рі фотогра́фії.
He kept these letters all these years, and she kept old photographs. (беріг / берегла́ — і in the masculine, restored vowel in the feminine.)
Дід віз дрова́ во́зом, а ба́ба везла́ во́ду.
Grandfather was carting firewood on the cart, and grandmother was hauling water. (віз / везла́ — closed-syllable і vs the е of the open feminine.)
The big suppletive: 'to go' — ішо́в / йшов
The verb for going on foot, іти́ / йти, has a genuinely suppletive past built on a different root: masculine ішо́в (also written йшов after a vowel), feminine ішла́ / йшла, neuter ішло́ / йшло, plural ішли́ / йшли. The choice between ішо́в and йшов is euphonic — ішо́в at the start of a phrase or after a consonant, йшов after a vowel — and the same alternation runs through all its prefixed compounds (прийшо́в, пішо́в, зайшо́в, ви́йшов).
| masc | fem | neut | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| ішо́в / йшов | ішла́ / йшла | ішло́ / йшло | ішли́ / йшли |
| пішо́в | пішла́ | пішло́ | пішли́ |
| прийшо́в | прийшла́ | прийшло́ | прийшли́ |
Він пішо́в по хліб і до́сі не поверну́вся.
He went out for bread and still hasn't come back. (пішо́в — suppletive past of піти́.)
Я йшов додо́му пішки́, бо тролейбу́с не приї́хав.
I was walking home on foot, because the trolleybus didn't come. (йшов — the post-vowel variant after Я.)
A note on вести́: it takes -в
Beware the look-alike: вести́ "to lead / drive" is not a bare-masculine verb. Its masculine is вів (with -в, plus the closed-syllable і), feminine вела́. So from the -сти́ infinitive alone you cannot predict whether the masculine will be bare (ніс, віз) or take -в (вів) — yet another reason the past forms must be learned with the verb. The same -в behaviour holds for кла́сти → клав / кла́ла.
Він вів маши́ну обере́жно, бо доро́га вела́ вго́ру.
He drove the car carefully, because the road led uphill. (вів — masculine with -в, not bare; вела́ — feminine.)
The vanishing -ну-: зме́рзнути → зме́рз
A separate group of irregulars hides in the -нути verbs. Many "change-of-state" verbs drop the -ну- in the past, producing a bare masculine just like the нести́ group: зме́рзнути → зме́рз / зме́рзла, зів’я́нути → зів’я́в / зів’я́ла, зви́кнути → звик / зви́кла, зни́кнути → зник / зни́кла. Others keep the suffix and conjugate regularly: ки́нути → ки́нув / ки́нула, пове́рнути → пове́рнув. There is no airtight rule for which is which (gradual change of state tends to drop; a single quick action tends to keep), so learn the past of each -нути verb as you meet it.
| Infinitive | masc | fem | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| зме́рзнути | зме́рз | зме́рзла | get cold / freeze |
| зів’я́нути | зів’я́в | зів’я́ла | wilt |
| зви́кнути | звик | зви́кла | get used to |
| зни́кнути | зник | зни́кла | disappear |
Я так зме́рз на зупи́нці, що до́сі не мо́жу зігрі́тися.
I got so cold at the stop that I still can't warm up. (зме́рз — the -ну- has vanished; fem зме́рзла.)
Я вже звик встава́ти ра́но, тепе́р це не пробле́ма.
I've already got used to getting up early; now it's not a problem. (звик — dropped -ну-; fem зви́кла.)
Source-language comparison
For an English speaker, the masculine consonant-stem past is the first place Ukrainian verbs look irregular, and the temptation is to file ніс, віз, міг as random exceptions. Don't. They are regular within their own system: the masculine strips to a bare consonant, a closed syllable may flip о/е → і, and the feminine restores everything. English irregular pasts (sang, brought, went) really are unpredictable; the Ukrainian ones are derivable once you know the stem type — but because the masculine hides the vowel, the masc/fem pair is still the unit to learn.
For a Russian speaker, the bare-masculine pattern transfers (нёс/несла́ → ніс/несла́), but two Ukrainian specifics need care: the о/е → і alternation in the closed masculine (міг, ві́з, беріг, вів), which Russian lacks (мог, вёз, вёл), and the suppletive ішо́в/йшов with its prefixed family (пішо́в, прийшо́в). Don't carry Russian мог/вёл vowels into Ukrainian — say міг, вів.
Common Mistakes
❌ Я нісв важкі́ су́мки. (adding -в to a consonant stem)
The consonant-stem masculine is bare: Я ніс важкі́ су́мки. (The feminine restores the stem: несла́.)
✅ Я ніс важкі́ су́мки.
I was carrying the heavy bags — bare masculine ніс.
❌ Я не мі́гла прийти́. (masculine vowel used in the feminine)
The feminine reopens the syllable, so о returns: Я не могла́ прийти́.
✅ Я не могла́ прийти́.
I couldn't come — feminine могла́, stem restored.
❌ Він лягв ра́но. (treating лягти́ as a regular -в verb)
лягти́ has a bare consonant-stem masculine: Він ліг ра́но. (There is no form *лягв.)
✅ Він ліг ра́но.
He went to bed early — masculine ліг.
❌ Він ішо́в до магази́ну й купи́ла хліб. (suppletive root, but the verb itself is fine here)
The error is gender agreement, not the root: Він пішо́в до магази́ну й купи́в хліб.
✅ Він пішо́в до магази́ну й купи́в хліб.
He went to the shop and bought bread — пішо́в, masculine throughout.
❌ Я зме́рзнув на ву́лиці. (keeping -ну- where it drops)
зме́рзнути drops the -ну- in the past: Я зме́рз на ву́лиці. (Contrast ки́нути → ки́нув.)
✅ Я зме́рз на ву́лиці.
I got cold outside — vanishing -ну-, bare зме́рз.
Key Takeaways
- Consonant-stem verbs form a bare masculine (no -в): ніс, віз, міг, пік, беріг, ліг, біг — while the feminine adds -ла and restores the stem (несла́, везла́, могла́, пекла́, берегла́, лягла́, бі́гла).
- The masculine often shows о/е → і in the closed syllable (міг ↔ могла́, ві́з ↔ везла́, беріг ↔ берегла́). Learn each verb as a masc/fem pair.
- 'To go' is suppletive: ішо́в / йшов (and пішо́в, прийшо́в), feminine ішла́ / йшла.
- Some look-alikes take -в: вести́ → вів / вела́, кла́сти → клав / кла́ла.
- -нути verbs either drop the suffix (зме́рзнути → зме́рз, зви́кнути → звик) or keep it (ки́нути → ки́нув) — memorise the past per verb.
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- Past-Tense Quirks: -в, Vanishing Suffix, Consonant StemsA2 — The masculine past -в is the regular reflex of an old -л (kept in the fem/neut/pl: чита́в but чита́ла) and is pronounced /w/. Consonant-stem verbs are the wrinkle: their masculine DROPS the -в and shows a bare consonant, often with an о→і shift — нести́→ніс/несла́, могти́→міг/могла́, везти́→ві́з/везла́, пекти́→пік/пекла́. The feminine -ла restores the full stem, so pairing masc/fem (ніс / несла́) reveals the pattern. -ну- verbs may drop the suffix in the masculine (зме́рзнути→зме́рз) or keep it (ки́нути→ки́нув).
- The Past Tense: FormationA1 — The Ukrainian past tense is GENDERED, not person-marked. From the infinitive stem you add -в (masculine), -ла (feminine), -ло (neuter), -ли (plural): чита́в / чита́ла / чита́ло / чита́ли. The same form serves 1st, 2nd and 3rd person of one gender, so я чита́в, ти чита́в, він чита́в are identical — and a female speaker says я чита́ла. The masculine -в comes from a historical -л and is pronounced /w/. The verb 'to be' has був / була́ / було́ / були́, which also serves as the past auxiliary.
- The О/І and Е/І AlternationA2 — Ukrainian's signature vowel swap: an о or е in a closed final syllable (one ending in a consonant) becomes і — кіт, ніч, стіл — but reverts to о/е the moment an ending opens the syllable (кота́, но́чі, стола́); the same swing runs in reverse when a zero ending closes a syllable in the genitive plural (нога́→ніг, гора́→гір).
- Могти (can / be able)A1 — Complete conjugation-and-usage reference for могти́ 'can, be able' — the workhorse modal of circumstantial possibility and permission. Covers the present мо́жу / мо́жеш / мо́же / мо́жемо / мо́жете / мо́жуть (with the г→ж mutation that runs through the WHOLE present, not just the 1sg), the о/і past міг / могла́ / могло́ / могли́, the perfective змогти́ that supplies the simple future (зможу́, змо́жеш), and the crucial split between могти́ 'can (in the circumstances / be allowed)' and вмі́ти 'know how to (a learned skill)'.
- Нести / Носити (to carry — uni/multi)B1 — Complete conjugation-and-usage reference for нести́ / носи́ти 'to carry' — a paired motion verb of transporting a load. Covers the unidirectional нести́ (несу́ / несе́ш / несе́ / несу́ть) with its bare suppletive past ніс / несла́ / несло́ / несли́, and the multidirectional носи́ти (ношу́ with с→ш, но́сиш / но́сить / но́сять) with the past носи́в / носи́ла. Notes that носи́ти also means 'to wear (clothes)', that the object is in the accusative (нести́ су́мку), and how the одно-/багатоспрямований split works for things you carry.
- Іти / Піти (to go on foot / set off)A2 — Complete conjugation-and-usage reference for іти́·йти / піти́ 'to go on foot, to set off'. Covers the full present (іду́, іде́ш… with post-vowel йду / йде́ш alternants), the suppletive gendered past (ішо́в·йшов / ішла́ / ішло́ / ішли́; perfective пішо́в / пішла́), the perfective inceptive future піду́ / пі́деш…, the imperative (іди́ / іді́ть, the everyday Пішли́! / Ході́мо! 'let's go'), and the verb's place in the motion system: UNIDIRECTIONAL іти́ paired with multidirectional ходи́ти, with куди́ + в/на + accusative for destination.