The prefixes on this page are where prefixed motion verbs stop being purely spatial and start carrying the idiomatic meanings that native speakers use constantly. Про- "pass / go through or past," пере- "cross / move," and за- "drop by / pop in" between them let you say things you simply cannot express with при-/у- alone — I walked past the chemist's, I'll cross the road here, we moved house, I'll swing by yours tonight, I'll pop into the shop for bread. Learn these and your spoken Russian about getting around becomes natural.
ПРО-: pass, go through, go past, cover a distance
The prefix про- is the most versatile here. Its core idea is traversal — moving through, past, or across a stretch — and it splits into three related uses:
- пройти́ (pf, on foot) / проходи́ть (impf) — to pass, go through/past
- прое́хать (pf, by vehicle) / проезжа́ть (impf) — to drive through/past, go by
Future пройду́, пройдёшь, пройду́т; past прошёл / прошла́ / прошли́.
Use 1 — go past (ми́мо + genitive). Passing alongside something without stopping:
Пройди́те ми́мо апте́ки и поверни́те за у́гол.
Go past the chemist's and turn the corner. (пройти́ ми́мо + gen)
Я задума́лся и прое́хал свою́ остано́вку.
I was lost in thought and missed my stop. (прое́хать остано́вку = went past it / missed it)
Use 2 — go through (че́рез or сквозь + accusative). Passing through a space, a crowd, an obstacle:
Мы прошли́ че́рез парк, что́бы сократи́ть путь.
We went through the park to take a shortcut. (пройти́ че́рез + acc)
Use 3 — cover a distance (accusative of extent). With a measure of distance, про- means "to cover, do" that distance:
За день мы прошли́ почти́ два́дцать киломе́тров.
In a day we covered almost twenty kilometres. (пройти́ + acc of distance)
There is also the very common polite «Проходи́те!» — "come on through / come in / go ahead," inviting someone to move forward into a room or queue.
Проходи́те, пожа́луйста, не стесня́йтесь.
Come on through, please, don't be shy. (idiomatic invitation; imperfective imperative проходи́ть)
ПЕРЕ-: cross, go across, and "move house"
The prefix пере- means motion across, over, from one side to another:
- перейти́ (pf, on foot) / переходи́ть (impf) — to cross, go across
- перее́хать (pf, by vehicle) / переезжа́ть (impf) — to cross by vehicle; to move house
Future перейду́, перейдёшь, перейду́т; past перешёл / перешла́ / перешли́.
Spatial use — cross (че́рез + accusative, or bare accusative). Either form is correct; the bare accusative is more colloquial:
Дава́й перейдём доро́гу здесь, на све́тофоре.
Let's cross the road here, at the lights. (перейти́ доро́гу — bare accusative)
Что́бы попа́сть к нам, нужно́ перейти́ че́рез мост.
To get to us you have to cross the bridge. (перейти́ че́рез + acc)
Idiomatic use — move house/relocate. This is the meaning a learner must know: перее́хать by default means to move (to a new home, city, country). It is not "cross by car" in everyday speech — it is the normal verb for relocating.
В про́шлом году́ мы перее́хали в но́вую кварти́ру.
Last year we moved into a new flat. (перее́хать = relocate, not 'drive across')
Она́ переезжа́ет в Берли́н из-за рабо́ты.
She's moving to Berlin because of work. (imperfective переезжа́ть — in progress / planned)
ЗА-: drop by, pop in, go to fetch
The prefix за- with motion verbs means a brief stop on the way somewhere else — dropping by, popping in, calling round. This is the everyday verb for "I'll swing by":
- зайти́ (pf, on foot) / заходи́ть (impf) — to drop by, pop in (walking)
- зае́хать (pf, by vehicle) / заезжа́ть (impf) — to drop by, swing by (driving)
Future зайду́, зайдёшь, зайду́т; past зашёл / зашла́ / зашли́.
The implication is always en route — you stop somewhere while on your way to or from somewhere else. It pairs with:
- к + dative for dropping by a person: зайти́ к дру́гу (drop by a friend's)
- в / на + accusative for popping into a place: зайти́ в магази́н (pop into the shop)
Зайди́ ко мне ве́чером, попьём ча́ю.
Drop by my place this evening, we'll have some tea. (зайти́ к + dat)
По доро́ге домо́й я зайду́ в магази́н за хле́бом.
On the way home I'll pop into the shop for bread. (зайти́ в + acc; за хле́бом = to fetch)
Я зае́ду за тобо́й в во́семь, бу́дь гото́в.
I'll pick you up at eight, be ready. (зае́хать за + instr = come to collect)
За- + за + instrumental: going to fetch
Notice the construction in the last two examples: за- ... за + instrumental means going somewhere to fetch / collect something or someone. The preposition за + instrumental is the "after, for the purpose of getting" use covered on instrumental prepositions. So зайти́ за хле́бом = go (drop in) to get bread; зае́хать за тобо́й = come by to pick you up.
Мне ну́жно зайти́ за реце́птом в поликли́нику.
I need to pop into the clinic to pick up a prescription. (зайти́ за + instr = to fetch)
The three contrasted
| Prefix | Core meaning | Typical pattern |
|---|---|---|
| про- | pass, go through/past, cover distance | пройти́ ми́мо + gen / че́рез + acc / acc of distance |
| пере- | cross, go across; move house | перейти́ (че́рез) + acc; перее́хать в + acc (relocate) |
| за- | drop by, pop in (en route); go to fetch | зайти́ к + dat / в + acc; зайти́ за + instr |
For aspect, these behave like every other prefixed pair (see the aspect overview): perfective simple future (пройду́, перейду́, зайду́), imperfective compound future and habitual past.
Ра́ньше он ча́сто заходи́л к нам по́сле рабо́ты.
He used to drop by our place often after work. (imperfective заходи́ть — habit in the past)
Common Mistakes
❌ Мы прие́хали в но́вую кварти́ру.
Wrong prefix — при- means 'arrive (and stay)'; relocating to a new home is перее́хать.
✅ Мы перее́хали в но́вую кварти́ру.
We moved into a new flat. (перее́хать = relocate)
❌ По доро́ге домо́й я приду́ в магази́н.
Wrong prefix — for a brief stop on the way you need за-; приду́ means a full arrival at a destination.
✅ По доро́ге домо́й я зайду́ в магази́н.
On the way home I'll pop into the shop. (зайти́ = drop in en route)
❌ Я зайду́ за тебя́ в во́семь.
Wrong case — 'to pick someone up', за takes the instrumental: за тобо́й, not the accusative за тебя́.
✅ Я зае́ду за тобо́й в во́семь.
I'll pick you up at eight. (за + instrumental = to fetch)
❌ Перейди́ ми́мо апте́ки.
Wrong prefix — 'go past' is про- + ми́мо; пере- means cross to the other side, not pass alongside.
✅ Пройди́ ми́мо апте́ки.
Go past the chemist's. (пройти́ ми́мо + gen)
❌ Я прое́хал до свое́й остано́вки.
Wrong sense — to MISS your stop (go past it) is прое́хать + acc остано́вку; прое́хать до would mean 'get as far as', which needs до- (дое́хать до).
✅ Я прое́хал свою́ остано́вку.
I missed my stop. (прое́хать + acc = went past it)
Key Takeaways
- Про- = pass / go through or past / cover a distance: пройти́ ми́мо + gen, че́рез + acc, or acc of distance (прошли́ два киломе́тра). Прое́хать остано́вку = miss your stop. «Проходи́те!» = come on through.
- Пере- = cross, go across (перейти́ (че́рез) доро́гу) — and idiomatically перее́хать = move house / relocate, the meaning to learn first.
- За- = drop by, pop in en route (зайти́ к + dat, в + acc) — the everyday "I'll swing by." За- + за + instrumental = go to fetch (зайти́ за хле́бом, зае́хать за тобо́й).
- These prefixes carry the idioms that при-/у- can't express — relocating, popping in, picking someone up.
- Aspect is ordinary: perfective simple future (зайду́), imperfective habit/process (заходи́л).
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- Prefixed Verbs of Motion: How the System WorksB1 — The second half of the motion system. Adding a directional prefix (при-, у-, в-, вы-, под-, от-, до-, пере-, про-, за-, об-) does two things at once: it specifies a spatial direction AND converts the verb into an ordinary aspect pair. Prefix + UNIDIRECTIONAL stem = PERFECTIVE (прийти́ 'arrive'); prefix + MULTIDIRECTIONAL stem = its IMPERFECTIVE partner (приходи́ть). The unidirectional/multidirectional contrast is replaced by perfective/imperfective — the structural pivot that makes the whole prefixed system tractable.
- Motion Prefixes: Под- (Approach), От- (Move Off), До- (Reach)B1 — The proximity prefixes. ПОД-/ПОДО- means approach, come up to (подойти́/подходи́ть + к + dat); ОТ-/ОТО- means move off, step away from (отойти́/отходи́ть + от + gen); ДО- means reach, get as far as (дойти́/доходи́ть + до + gen). Под- and от- are short-range — toward a point and away from it — while до- emphasises reaching the endpoint. Each prefix is reinforced by a fixed preposition that echoes it: подойти́ К, отойти́ ОТ, дойти́ ДО.
- Motion Prefixes: Об- (Around), С-…-ся (Gather), Раз-…-ся (Disperse)B2 — The prefixes that complete the system. ОБ-/ОБО- means go around, bypass, or cover all of (обойти́/обходи́ть + acc). С-…-СЯ means come together, converge (съе́хаться/съезжа́ться); РАЗ-…-СЯ means disperse, scatter (разойти́сь/расходи́ться) — the reflexive group-motion pair. And С- without -ся gives the round-trip perfectives сходи́ть and съе́здить ('go and come back once') that fill a gap the unidirectional perfectives leave open.
- Accusative Prepositions: через, про, за, под (motion)A2 — A small set of prepositions governs the accusative: че́рез ('across, through, in [an interval]'), про ('about', colloquial), сквозь ('through'), о ('against'), plus the motion senses of за ('to behind') and под ('to under'). Че́рез — not в — is how Russian says 'in an hour'.
- Instrumental Prepositions: с, над, под, перед, междуA2 — Five prepositions take the instrumental: с/со ('with'), над ('above'), под ('under' — location), пе́ред ('in front of, before'), and ме́жду ('between'). За + instrumental ('behind, at') and ря́дом с ('next to') belong here too. The key contrast: за and под mean LOCATION with the instrumental but MOTION with the accusative.
- Verbal Aspect: The Big PictureA2 — Aspect is the spine of the Russian verb: nearly every verb belongs to a pair — imperfective (process, repetition, general fact) and perfective (a single completed whole with a result). This page explains the pair, the consequences for the tense system (perfectives have no present), and why you must decide 'process or result?' before you even pick a tense.