Godan 〜た Euphonic Changes (音便)

For ichidan verbs the plain past is trivial: drop る, add た. For godan verbs it is the single genuine complication in the whole tense system — the た does not simply attach, it fuses with the stem and reshapes it. This reshaping is called 音便 (onbin), "euphonic change" — literally "sound convenience." This page gives you the complete table, every cell correct, plus the exception every learner must know.

The payoff for learning it here: the te-form uses the exact same changes. Master this page and the te-form costs you nothing extra — just swap た↔て and だ↔で.

Why the sound changes exist

These are not arbitrary. Historically た attached to the ます-stem (連用形): 書き + た, 飲み + た, 待ち + た. Those consonant clusters were awkward to say at speed, so Japanese smoothed them in three predictable ways:

  • 書きた → 書いた — the き softened to a vowel い (called イ音便).
  • 待ちた → 待った — the ち collapsed into a doubled consonant っ (促音便, the "small tsu").
  • 飲みた → 飲んだ — the み nasalized into ん, and the following た voiced to だ (撥音便).

Once you hear it as "the language taking the shortest path from stem to た," the table stops looking like a list of exceptions and starts looking like one habit applied consistently.

The master table

Group godan verbs by their final dictionary kana. There are exactly four outcomes.

Final kanaPast endingExampleReading
った買う → 買ったkau → katta
待つ → 待ったmatsu → matta
取る → 取ったtoru → totta
んだ死ぬ → 死んだshinu → shinda
遊ぶ → 遊んだasobu → asonda
飲む → 飲んだnomu → nonda
いた書く → 書いたkaku → kaita
いだ泳ぐ → 泳いだoyogu → oyoida
した話す → 話したhanasu → hanashita
Exception: 行く → 行った (iku → itta), the only く-verb that takes った.
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Collapse it to two buckets first: う・つ・る all give った; ぬ・ぶ・む all give んだ. That covers six of the nine endings. Then just remember the three "outliers": く→いた, ぐ→いだ, す→した — and the lone rebel 行く→行った.

う・つ・る → った

Any godan verb ending in う, つ, or る doubles into った.

DictionaryPlain past
買う (to buy)買った
会う (to meet)会った
言う (to say)言った
待つ (to wait)待った
持つ (to hold)持った
取る (to take)取った
分かる (to understand)分かった
終わる (to end)終わった

スーパーで牛乳と卵を買った。

sūpā de gyūnyū to tamago o katta

I bought milk and eggs at the supermarket.

ごめん、意味が分からなかった。もう一回言って。

gomen, imi ga wakaranakatta. mō ikkai itte

Sorry, I didn't get it. Say it once more.

Note that 言う → 言った is read いった (itta) — the same sound as 行った. Context and kanji keep them apart.

ぬ・ぶ・む → んだ

Any godan verb ending in ぬ, ぶ, or む nasalizes into んだ — and note the た voices to だ here.

DictionaryPlain past
死ぬ (to die)死んだ
遊ぶ (to play)遊んだ
呼ぶ (to call)呼んだ
飲む (to drink)飲んだ
読む (to read)読んだ
休む (to rest)休んだ
住む (to live)住んだ

子供のころ、この公園でよく遊んだ。

kodomo no koro, kono kōen de yoku asonda

I played in this park a lot as a kid.

週末はずっと家で本を読んだ。

shūmatsu wa zutto ie de hon o yonda

I read at home all weekend.

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死ぬ is essentially the only everyday ぬ-verb, so you can think of the ぬ・ぶ・む bucket as "ぶ・む (and 死ぬ)." That one fact makes the んだ group feel a lot smaller.

く → いた and ぐ → いだ

Verbs ending in soften to いた; verbs ending in soften to いだ — again, the voiced ぐ carries its voicing into だ.

DictionaryPlain past
書く (to write)書いた
聞く (to listen, to ask)聞いた
歩く (to walk)歩いた
泳ぐ (to swim)泳いだ
急ぐ (to hurry)急いだ
脱ぐ (to take off)脱いだ

駅まで走らないで、のんびり歩いた。

eki made hashiranaide, nonbiri aruita

I didn't run to the station — I walked at a leisurely pace.

海で少しだけ泳いだ。

umi de sukoshi dake oyoida

I swam just a little in the sea.

す → した

Verbs ending in become した. This is the one group where nothing dramatic happens — す was already easy to say before た — so there is no doubling and no ん.

DictionaryPlain past
話す (to speak)話した
貸す (to lend)貸した
返す (to return something)返した
消す (to turn off, to erase)消した
出す (to take out, to send)出した

先生に本当のことを話した。

sensei ni hontō no koto o hanashita

I told the teacher the truth.

The exception: 行く → 行った

By its final kana, 行く should give ×行いた. It does not. 行く → 行った — it behaves like a つ/る-verb instead. This is the one irregularity in the entire system, and it hits one of the most common verbs in the language, so drill it until it is automatic.

夏休みに祖母の家に行った。

natsu-yasumi ni sobo no ie ni itta

I went to my grandmother's house over summer break.

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There are two other archaic く/ぐ-style holdouts you'll only meet in old or set language: 問う→問うた ("asked") and 請う→請うた ("requested") keep うた rather than いた (literary/archaic). For modern speech, 行く is the only exception you have to carry.

Learn it once, get the te-form free

Every change above is identical in the te-form — only the vowel differs. った ↔ って, んだ ↔ んで, いた ↔ いて, いだ ↔ いで, した ↔ して. See the て/た parallel.

Rulete-formplain past
う・つ・る買って買った
ぬ・ぶ・む飲んで飲んだ
書いて書いた
泳いで泳いだ
話して話した
行く行って行った

Common mistakes

❌ 週末に京都へ行いた。

shūmatsu ni Kyōto e iita

Incorrect: 行く never takes いた.

✅ 週末に京都へ行った。

shūmatsu ni Kyōto e itta

Correct: the 行く exception gives 行った.

❌ ジュースを全部飲みた。

jūsu o zenbu nomita

Incorrect: applying plain た straight to a godan む-verb.

✅ ジュースを全部飲んだ。

jūsu o zenbu nonda

Correct: む → んだ.

❌ 新しい靴を買いた。

atarashii kutsu o kaita

Incorrect: う-verb doesn't take いた (that would even collide with 書いた).

✅ 新しい靴を買った。

atarashii kutsu o katta

Correct: う → った.

❌ プールで泳いた。

pūru de oyoita

Incorrect: ぐ voices — the ending must be だ, not た.

✅ プールで泳いだ。

pūru de oyoida

Correct: ぐ → いだ.

❌ 弟に自転車を貸しだ。

otōto ni jitensha o kashida

Incorrect: す stays unvoiced — no だ.

✅ 弟に自転車を貸した。

otōto ni jitensha o kashita

Correct: す → した.

Key takeaways

  • Two big buckets: う・つ・る → った; ぬ・ぶ・む → んだ.
  • Two い-changes: く → いた; ぐ → いだ (voiced).
  • One flat case: す → した.
  • One exception: 行く → 行った.
  • Voicing rule: ぐ, ぬ, ぶ, む end in the voiced だ; everything else ends in た.
  • Free bonus: swap た↔て, だ↔で and you have the entire te-form.

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Related Topics

  • Plain Past 〜たN5How to form the casual past tense with 〜た/〜だ, and why it is the te-form with its final vowel swapped.
  • Godan Across the あ/い/う/え/お RowsN4How a godan verb keeps its consonant fixed and selects one of five vowel rows for each conjugation.
  • Polite Past 〜ましたN5How to form the polite past by swapping ます for ました on the ます-stem — completely regular for every verb, with no sound-changes ever.