| a 1494 agreement awarding land to Portugal and Spain by dividing the Atlantic Ocean along a line one hundred leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of Africa | Treaty of Tordesillas |
| a 1917 act passed in the United States that made anti-war propaganda illegal | Espionage Act |
| a 1917 statement by British foreign secretary Alfred Balfour publicly supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine | Balfour Declaration |
| a 1917 telegram sent by Germany’s foreign minister offering an alliance with Mexico in return for Mexico causing disturbances along its U.S. border | Zimmermann Telegram |
| a 1918 act passed in the United States that forbade forms of speech considered disloyal to the war effort | Sedition Act |
| a 1919 treaty that formally ended World War I, redrew the map of Europe, and created the League of Nations | Treaty of Versailles |
| a 1923 attempt by Adolf Hitler and his followers to take over the city of Munich | Beer Hall Putsch |
| a 1928 treaty signed by more than sixty countries to renounce war as a foreign policy tool | Kellogg-Briand Pact |
| a 1939 agreement between Germany and the USSR in which the two nations agreed not to attack one another or to assist other nations in attacking the other and to divide portions of eastern Europe between them | German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact |
| a 1947 trade agreement among twenty-three countries to reinforce postwar economic recovery, later replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
| a 1992 trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to reduce trade barriers and allow goods to flow freely | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
| a 2015 treaty among members of the United Nations to limit global warming to less than 2°C (3.6°F) above levels from the time of industrialization | Paris Agreement |
| a British program to help women ensure enough foodstuffs were produced on farms while men served in the military | Women’s Land Army |
| a cease-fire agreement | armistice |
| a class of religious clerics and scholars who act as the primary interpreters of Islamic law | ulama |
| a company in which numerous merchants pooled their money to fund a business venture like a trading voyage and shared both risk and profit | joint stock company |
| a concept in political philosophy by which the state can be legitimate only if it is guided by the will of the people as a whole | general will |
| a contest for ideological, social, economic, technological, and military supremacy between the United States and the Soviet Union | Cold War |
| a corporate business entity that controls the production of goods and services in multiple countries | multinational corporation |
| a country controlled by another nation | satellite state |
| a decline in a nation’s or region’s industrial activity | deindustrialization |
| a device for navigation that used constellations as a guide and enabled mariners to find their north–south position on the earth’s surface | astrolabe |
| a document, object, or other source material from the time period under study | primary source |
| a document, object, or other source material written or created after the time period under study | secondary source |
| a field of history that looks at all classes and categories of people, not just elites | social history |
| a fifteenth-century Portuguese sailing ship | caravel |
| a form of government in which the state controls all aspects of a person’s life | totalitarianism |
| a form of logical reasoning that begins with a general statement and applies it to specific conclusions | deductive reasoning |
| a form of logical reasoning that gathers specific examples and observations to arrive at a broad generalization | inductive reasoning |
| a form of slavery in which one person is owned by another as a piece of property | chattel slavery |
| a French term that referred to free people of color in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now Haiti | gens de couleur libres |
| a French term that referred to radicals from the lower and working classes during the French Revolution | sans-culottes |
| a fundamentalist and militant Islamic group that grew in power and waged a war in Iraq and Syria following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 | Islamic State |
| a German term meaning “living room” and referring to lands seized from countries in eastern Europe in which Adolf Hitler envisioned settling German families to supplant the native Slavic populations | Lebensraum |
| a German war plan to sweep through Belgium and northern France before turning to Russia | Schlieffen Plan |
| a group of countries united for a common purpose | bloc |
| a Japanese system in which a military leader, the shogun, and an aristocratic military elite, the samurai, ruled in place of the emperor | shogunate |
| a language that combines the grammar of African Bantu languages with a Bantu and Arabic vocabulary and is spoken in East Africa | Swahili |
| a late seventeenth-century Korean reform movement that promoted the study of the physical sciences and technology in order to solve practical problems | Silhak |
| a legislative assembly of the three estates, or orders, of French society: the clergy, the nobility, and commoners | Estates General |
| a literary and artistic style that realistically depicted everyday life in the contemporary world | realism |
| a literary style that emphasized realistic, detached, impersonal depictions of characters whose actions were molded by their environment in ways they often had no ability to control | naturalism |
| a Malaccan maritime law code, part of the Undang-Undang Melaka, governing the conduct of sailors and traveling merchants | Undang-Undang Laut Melaka |
| a military alliance among the United States, Canada, and the countries of Western Europe | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
| a military and political alliance among the communist nations of Eastern Europe | Warsaw Pact |
| a mix of Roman Catholic and indigenous West African religious practices popular in Haiti | Vodou |
| a moderate faction of the Jacobin political club in revolutionary France | Girondins |
| a monetary system in which the value of a country’s currency is tied directly to the value of gold | gold standard |
| a monotheistic faith that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam, established in the Punjab region of northwestern India in the fifteenth century | Sikhism |
| a movement based on the idea that all people in Africa could work together to achieve greater independence | Pan-African movement |
| a movement of nations that sought to remain outside the sphere of influence of both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War | Non-Aligned Movement |
| a movement that developed in the 1920s as African Americans agitated for increased civil rights | New Negro movement |
| a movement, also known as northern Renaissance humanism, that stressed the study of the works of Greece and Rome and the early Christian fathers to awaken individual piety | Christian humanism |
| a multinational organization created by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles to promote the goal of collective security | League of Nations |
| a native army commanded by European officers to enforce brutal discipline in the Congo Free State | Force Publique |
| a non-Muslim living under Muslim rule | dhimmi |
| a northward march of communist supporters led by Mao Zedong that saved them from extermination by the Guomindang | Long March |
| a period of the French Revolution during which the revolutionary government adopted repressive measures to prevent dissent | Reign of Terror |
| a person who protested in favor of women’s right to vote | suffragist |
| a person who sees themselves as responsible to a world community rather than only a national one | global citizen |
| a personal colony of Belgium’s King Leopold II where infamous abuse of African laborers took place | Congo Free State |
| a philosophical concept based on the belief that all knowledge derives from sensory experience | empiricism |
| a plan extending financial assistance to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II | Marshall Plan |
| a political ideology that emerged in reaction to the freedoms associated with the revolutions of the eighteenth century and advocated submitting to government authority and giving religious doctrine a central role in maintaining social order and stability | conservatism |
| a political ideology that promotes freedom of expression, popular sovereignty, the protection of civil rights and private property, and representative government | liberalism |
| a political ideology that promotes the interests of the nation over international concerns and advocates the uniqueness and inherent superiority of the individual’s own country over others | nationalism |
| a political movement focused on transforming citizens into committed nationalists striving for unity and racial purity to remedy a perceived national decline | fascism |
| a political party organized in 1905 that argued for greater sovereignty for Ireland | Sinn Féin |
| a popular movement calling for government reform and democracy that spread across the Arab world in 2011 | Arab Spring |
| a practice in which one group of people attempts to establish control over another group, usually for purposes of economic exploitation | colonialism |
| a presidential order that led to relocation and internment of more than 100,000 Japanese Americans during the war | Executive Order 9066 |
| a principle of U.S. foreign policy that warned European nations to refrain from interfering with independent countries in the Western Hemisphere | Monroe Doctrine |
| a radical faction of the Jacobin club in revolutionary France that supported executing the king | Mountain |
| a radical majority faction of Russia’s Social Democratic Party led by Vladimir Lenin | Bolsheviks |
| a radical political club in revolutionary France that supported overthrowing the monarchy | Jacobins |
| a reduction in family size in the late 1800s caused by falling birth rates in industrialized nations | demographic transition |
| a school of thought that views history as a straight line to a specific and more democratic destination | progressive history |
| a secret agreement reached between France and Britain in 1916 to partition areas of the Middle East after the war | Sykes-Picot Agreement |
| a section of African coast along the Bight of Benin, centered on the port city of Whydah and a major source of African people sold into slavery | Slave Coast |
| a series of laws promulgated in Germany in 1935, institutionalizing Nazi racial theories and discrimination against Jewish people | Nuremberg Laws |
| a ship made of coconut-wood planks sewn together with coconut fiber and equipped with lateen sails | dhow |
| a single-market zone created in 1993 to allow the free movement of goods, services, money, and people among European member states | European Union (EU) |
| a situation in which competing nations have approximately equal military power | balance of power |
| a South African policy of racial segregation that ended in 1991 | apartheid |
| a Soviet policy encouraging openness, which allowed those who were angry to be critical of the government | glasnost |
| a state formed by the twenty-six southern counties in Ireland and later called Ireland | Irish Free State |
| a statement of British and U.S. goals and objectives for the world after World War II; negotiated by British prime minister Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt | Atlantic Charter |
| a system in which a person who owes money works (or provides someone else to work) for the creditor until the debt has been repaid | debt bondage |
| a system in which colonial powers cooperated with Indigenous elites and allowed local leaders to exercise some authority | indirect rule |
| a system in which control of an area was transferred from one government to another under the oversight of the League of Nations | mandate system |
| a system in which people sign contracts promising to perform work in exchange for a fee | contract labor |
| a system of coerced labor based on a grant by the Spanish Crown that entitled conquistadors to the labor of specified numbers of Indigenous people | encomienda |
| a system of management that sought to improve workers’ productivity by curbing wasteful movements | Taylorism |
| a system that allowed Europeans to trade with China only if they worked through the Chinese guilds that enjoyed monopoly rights to the tea and silk trades | Canton system |
| a term describing the region of West Africa south of the Sahara Desert | Sudanic |
| a treaty of alliance between France, Russia, and Britain | Triple Entente |
| a treaty of alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy | Triple Alliance |
| a triangular-shaped sail that allows a boat to sail both with and into the wind | lateen sail |
| a two-hundred-mile march led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi in India in 1930 to protest the British prohibition on collecting salt and the heavy taxes on its purchase | Salt March |
| a U.S. federal agency created in 1917 to control the economic and industrial output of factories in times of war | War Industries Board (WIB) |
| a U.S. program of economic reform under Franklin Roosevelt that created work-relief programs | New Deal |
| a war fought using all available resources, with no restrictions on weapons or their targets | total war |
| a way to reduce or cancel the time after death during which people needed to suffer in purgatory to atone for their sins before reaching heaven | indulgences |
| a World War I coalition that included the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Ottoman Empires | Central powers |
| Agustín de Iturbide’s proclamation of independence creating a constitutional monarchy and protecting both the Catholic Church and Europeans living in Mexico | Plan de Iguala |
| an 1814–1815 meeting of Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria to restore the balance of power and assert principles of conservatism | Congress of Vienna |
| an absolutist ruler influenced by the principles of the Enlightenment | enlightened despot |
| an act of the British Parliament that imposed taxes on legal documents and other printed materials in its North American colonies in 1765 | Stamp Act |
| an administrative subdivision of the Spanish Empire, ruled by a direct representative of the king | viceroyalty |
| an agreement reached in 1938 in which Czechoslovakia granted territorial concessions to Germany, Poland, and Hungary in the hopes that Adolf Hitler would cease his aggressions | Munich Pact |
| an alliance created in 1912 by Greece, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Serbia against the Ottoman Empire | Balkan League |
| an alliance of thirty-nine mostly German-speaking states developed to replace the Holy Roman Empire in 1815 | Germanic Confederation |
| an approach to history that follows a timeline from ancient to modern | chronological approach |
| an area under the control of a Muslim ruler called a caliph | caliphate |
| an artistic movement formed in response to the Industrial Revolution that prized emotion and imagination and took as its subjects the themes of nature, the ordinary person, the exotic, the ancient, and the supernatural | romanticism |
| an artistic movement in the Soviet Union that took the worker as a subject and was about patriotism as much as art | socialist realism |
| an association that organizes workers in a particular craft or industry | trade union |
| an association that organizes workers of all kinds, both skilled and unskilled | labor union |
| an economic system in which private individuals and companies own the means of production, and free (unregulated) markets set the value of most goods and services based on supply and demand | capitalism |
| an economic system in which the public owns the means of production | socialism |
| an economic theory in which a nation’s power depended on the wealth it gained by exporting goods of greater value than it imported, and in which a gain for one nation was a loss for another | mercantilism |
| an economy that primarily provides raw materials for use by other nations | export economy |
| an executive council of five men established by the Convention in France to replace the Committee of Public Safety after the decline of the Reign of Terror | Directory |
| an ideology advocating that government be abolished | anarchism |
| an implicit agreement among members of a society to surrender their natural rights to the state, which is then charged with maintaining and protecting those rights | the social contract |
| an inn funded by the state or wealthy individuals where travelers could spend the night and store their goods securely | caravansary |
| an Islamic mystic; practitioner of Sufism, the mystical expression of Islamic faith | Sufi |
| an Islamic terrorist organization financed and led by militant Saudi Arabian national Osama bin Laden and responsible for the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 | al-Qaeda |
| an Islamic title designating a spiritual and secular leader | caliph |
| an Italian term that refers to the unification of Italy | Risorgimento |
| an official authorization to conduct a major economic activity such as the creation of a colony | charter |
| an operation carried out by Great Britain and the United States to supply West Berlin from the air during the Soviet Union’s blockade of West Berlin | Berlin Airlift |
| British workers in the early nineteenth century who resisted industrialization | Luddites |
| broad changes in temperature, weather, storm activity, wind patterns, sea levels, and other influences on the planet | climate change |
| cowboys of the Venezuelan plains | llaneros |
| deliberative or administrative councils in Spain and Spanish America | juntas |
| domestic plans adopted by the Soviet Union in the 1930s to target industrial and agricultural output goals that were usually unrealistic | Five-Year Plans |
| forced labor assigned as punishment to those convicted of crimes | penal labor |
| German Nazi paramilitary organization designed for security and intimidation | Schutzstaffel (SS) |
| German submarines equipped with torpedoes that sank thousands of pounds of cargo over the course of World War I | U-boats |
| ideas such as class and gender created and accepted by the people in a society that influence the way they think and behave | social constructs |
| in Spanish colonies, American-born White people of European descent | creoles |
| in Spanish colonies, European-born White people from Spain | peninsulares |
| in the context of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a trading post with offices and warehouses | factory |
| Indian soldiers who served the British in India | sepoys |
| informal gathering in the homes of wealthy aristocrats, generally hosted by women, that served as a site for the discussion of Enlightenment ideas and philosophies | salon |
| Islamic religious law | sharia |
| Lenin’s policy that introduced some aspects of capitalism in response to hardships and growing discontent among the Russian people | New Economic Policy (NEP) |
| members of a large Shia sect who believe the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, will return, along with Jesus, to defeat evil on earth | Twelvers |
| members of the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, an anti-foreign secret society in northern China | Boxers |
| monetary payments to be made to the Allied nations by Germany to compensate for destruction they suffered in the war | reparations |
| organizations that support an extreme form of nationalism and often seek ethnically homogeneous homelands | ultranationalist movements |
| people bound by a contract to work for someone for an agreed-upon number of years | indentured servants |
| people who favor the creation of a socialist society through democratic means | social democrat |
| political parties organized around environmental concerns | green parties |
| pre-internet computer networks that consisted of personal computers connected with each other via modems and phone lines | bulletin board system (BBS) |
| shared spaces that enabled the exchange of ideas and information outside the control of state and church, like coffeehouses and salons | public sphere |
| society established by merchants who initially traveled to a foreign country to do business and then settled there | trade diaspora community |
| Spanish explorers in the Americas during the Age of Exploration | conquistadors |
| the 1916 rebellion of Irish Nationalists against the British in Dublin | Easter Rising |
| the 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| the 1964 resolution that gave President Lyndon Johnson permission to retaliate against North Vietnamese attacks and to act first to defend U.S. lives | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| the ability to see the past on its own terms, without judgment or the imposition of our own modern-day attitudes | historical empathy |
| the agreement between Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin about how to divide political influence in Eastern Europe after the war | Percentages Agreement |
| the apparition of the Virgin Mary who is said to have appeared to the Aztec peasant Juan Diego and later became the national symbol and patron saint of Mexico | Virgin of Guadalupe |
| the belief that the neighbors of a communist country were likely to become communist themselves | domino theory |
| the boundary of westward settlement that Britain marked out in its thirteen North American colonies | Proclamation Line |
| the central Spanish junta established in the city of Cádiz that coordinated Spanish resistance to the French occupation | Cádiz Cortes |
| the centralizing administrative system in Spanish America whereby local governments were run by governors | intendancy system |
| the Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen and later led by Chiang Kai-shek | Guomindang |
| the community of Muslims | ummah |
| the competition among European countries to establish colonies in Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries | Scramble for Africa |
| the contest between Britain and Russia to dominate central Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries | The Great Game |
| the first programmable electronic digital computer, built by the United States during World War II | ENIAC |
| the first successful U.S. test of an atomic bomb | Trinity Test |
| the flow of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres | Columbian Exchange |
| the formal postwar prosecution of German war crimes | Nuremberg Trials |
| the general rise in Earth’s temperature that scientists have observed over approximately the past two hundred years | global warming |
| the history of ideas, which looks at the philosophies that drive people to make certain choices | intellectual history |
| the idea that government should exist only by the consent of the governed | popular sovereignty |
| the idea, espoused by Karl Marx, that recognizing class struggle is central to understanding societies | Marxism |
| the interconnectedness of societies and economies throughout the world as a result of trade, technology, and adoption and sharing of various aspects of culture | globalization |
| the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca | hajj |
| the Korean alphabet, introduced by King Sejong in 1446 | hangul |
| the landless working class | proletariat |
| the middle (or second) leg of the three-legged triangular trade that carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas | Middle Passage |
| the most immediate reason an event occurred | primary cause |
| the myth, mostly promoted by English writers, that the Spanish treated Native Americans far more harshly than other European colonizers | black legend |
| the nations that united to oppose Germany and Austria-Hungary, originally, Russia, France, and Britain | Allies |
| the Nazi genocide that resulted in the murder of more than six million Jewish people and at least three million members of other, non-Jewish minority groups | Holocaust |
| the Nazi plan to eliminate the Jewish population of Europe; developed by senior bureaucrats at the Wannsee Conference | Final Solution |
| the period beginning in 1868 when, under Emperor Meiji, Japan began to industrialize | Meiji Restoration |
| the period between the tenure of Hurrem Sultan in the mid-fifteenth century and the late seventeenth century, during which wives and mothers of the sultan were able to exert political power and influence at court | Sultanate of Women |
| the period during which societies transitioned away from a focus on agriculture and handicraft production to manufacturing, primarily with machines | Industrial Revolution |
| the period from 1858 to 1947 when the British government directly ruled India through the Viceroy of India | British Raj |
| the policy of gaining direct or indirect control over parts of the world with low-cost resources and no competing mass-produced goods | imperialism |
| the practice of dominating a foreign country economically | economic imperialism |
| the practice of integrating a culture into the dominant society without forcing it to fully integrate and adopt all the dominant culture’s components | cultural accommodation |
| the problem that makes resource-rich developing countries prone to authoritarianism, high rates of conflict, and low rates of economic growth | resource curse |
| the process of altering our interpretation of historical events by adding new elements and perspectives | revisionism |
| the process of hiring outside contractors, sometimes abroad, to perform tasks a company once performed internally | outsourcing |
| the process of moving some of a company’s operations overseas to access cheaper labor markets | offshoring |
| the promise of U.S. assistance to any country in danger of being overthrown by communism | Truman Doctrine |
| the provisional government of revolutionary France from 1793 to 1794 | Committee of Public Safety |
| the relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s | détente |
| the restructuring of the Soviet state and economy under Mikhail Gorbachev | perestroika |
| the social class whose members owned the means of production and whose main goal was the preservation of capital | bourgeoisie |
| the study of how historians have already interpreted the past | historiography |
| the system of recruiting Christian boys from the Balkans to be enslaved, converted to Islam, and trained to serve the Ottoman sultan | devshirme |
| the system through which non-Muslim religious communities were allowed to regulate their internal affairs according to their own religious laws | millet system |
| the taking over of agriculture by a national government | collectivization |
| the theory that market forces alone should drive the economy and that governments should refrain from direct intervention in or moderation of the economic system | laissez-faire economics |
| the trade in goods and enslaved people that took place between the Americas, Europe, and West Africa from the late fifteenth through the early nineteenth centuries | triangular trade |
| the U.S. project to build an atomic bomb | Manhattan Project |
| the use of images and symbols in art | iconography |
| the use of machines to replace the labor of animals and humans | mechanization |
| the value of all the goods and services a country produces in one year | gross domestic product (GDP) |
| the view that it is enough to study the deeds and impact of important leaders to paint an accurate picture of the past | great man theory |
| the way words are used and put together in speaking or writing | rhetoric |
| the West’s Cold War policy goal of confining communism to the Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe | containment |
| the “cry” of Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo’s declaration of rebellion made in the town of Dolores on September 16, 1810 | Grito de Dolores |
| the “cry” of Ipiranga, Pedro I’s declaration of Brazilian independence, made at the Ipiranga River in 1822 | Grito do Ipiranga |
| two assemblies of elected colonial representatives that met in Philadelphia in 1774 and 1775, the second time to adopt the powers of government and approve the Declaration of Independence from Britain | Continental Congresses |
| U.S. legislation enacted to provide military assistance to nations important to its defense | Lend-Lease Act |
| universal and inalienable rights that cannot be revoked or rescinded by human laws | natural rights |
| violent attacks on Jewish people in the Russian empire | pogroms |
| wages measured in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with them | real wages |
| wars fought by allies of the Soviet Union and the United States to avoid risking a direct conflict between the two superpowers during the Cold War | proxy wars |
| woman of the 1920s who embraced an independent lifestyle while wearing shorter skirts and hairstyles | flapper |