World History 2

QuestionAnswer
an Islamic terrorist organization financed and led by militant Saudi Arabian national Osama bin Laden and responsible for the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001
al-Qaeda
the nations that united to oppose Germany and Austria-Hungary, originally, Russia, France, and Britain
Allies
an ideology advocating that government be abolished
anarchism
a South African policy of racial segregation that ended in 1991
apartheid
a popular movement calling for government reform and democracy that spread across the Arab world in 2011
Arab Spring
a cease-fire agreement
armistice
a device for navigation that used constellations as a guide and enabled mariners to find their north–south position on the earth’s surface
astrolabe
a statement of British and U.S. goals and objectives for the world after World War II; negotiated by British prime minister Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt
Atlantic Charter
a situation in which competing nations have approximately equal military power
balance of power
a 1917 statement by British foreign secretary Alfred Balfour publicly supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Balfour Declaration
an alliance created in 1912 by Greece, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Serbia against the Ottoman Empire
Balkan League
a 1923 attempt by Adolf Hitler and his followers to take over the city of Munich
Beer Hall Putsch
an operation carried out by Great Britain and the United States to supply West Berlin from the air during the Soviet Union’s blockade of West Berlin
Berlin Airlift
the myth, mostly promoted by English writers, that the Spanish treated Native Americans far more harshly than other European colonizers
black legend
a group of countries united for a common purpose
bloc
a radical majority faction of Russia’s Social Democratic Party led by Vladimir Lenin
Bolsheviks
the social class whose members owned the means of production and whose main goal was the preservation of capital
bourgeoisie
members of the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, an anti-foreign secret society in northern China
Boxers
the period from 1858 to 1947 when the British government directly ruled India through the Viceroy of India
British Raj
pre-internet computer networks that consisted of personal computers connected with each other via modems and phone lines
bulletin board system (BBS)
an Islamic title designating a spiritual and secular leader
caliph
an area under the control of a Muslim ruler called a caliph
caliphate
a system that allowed Europeans to trade with China only if they worked through the Chinese guilds that enjoyed monopoly rights to the tea and silk trades
Canton system
an economic system in which private individuals and companies own the means of production, and free (unregulated) markets set the value of most goods and services based on supply and demand
capitalism
an inn funded by the state or wealthy individuals where travelers could spend the night and store their goods securely
caravansary
a fifteenth-century Portuguese sailing ship
caravel
a World War I coalition that included the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Ottoman Empires
Central powers
an official authorization to conduct a major economic activity such as the creation of a colony
charter
a form of slavery in which one person is owned by another as a piece of property
chattel slavery
a movement, also known as northern Renaissance humanism, that stressed the study of the works of Greece and Rome and the early Christian fathers to awaken individual piety
Christian humanism
an approach to history that follows a timeline from ancient to modern
chronological approach
broad changes in temperature, weather, storm activity, wind patterns, sea levels, and other influences on the planet
climate change
a contest for ideological, social, economic, technological, and military supremacy between the United States and the Soviet Union
Cold War
the taking over of agriculture by a national government
collectivization
a practice in which one group of people attempts to establish control over another group, usually for purposes of economic exploitation
colonialism
the flow of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
Columbian Exchange
the provisional government of revolutionary France from 1793 to 1794
Committee of Public Safety
a personal colony of Belgium’s King Leopold II where infamous abuse of African laborers took place
Congo Free State
an 1814–1815 meeting of Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria to restore the balance of power and assert principles of conservatism
Congress of Vienna
Spanish explorers in the Americas during the Age of Exploration
conquistadors
a political ideology that emerged in reaction to the freedoms associated with the revolutions of the eighteenth century and advocated submitting to government authority and giving religious doctrine a central role in maintaining social order and stability
conservatism
the West’s Cold War policy goal of confining communism to the Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe
containment
two assemblies of elected colonial representatives that met in Philadelphia in 1774 and 1775, the second time to adopt the powers of government and approve the Declaration of Independence from Britain
Continental Congresses
a system in which people sign contracts promising to perform work in exchange for a fee
contract labor
in Spanish colonies, American-born White people of European descent
creoles
the 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
the practice of integrating a culture into the dominant society without forcing it to fully integrate and adopt all the dominant culture’s components
cultural accommodation
the central Spanish junta established in the city of Cádiz that coordinated Spanish resistance to the French occupation
Cádiz Cortes
a system in which a person who owes money works (or provides someone else to work) for the creditor until the debt has been repaid
debt bondage
a form of logical reasoning that begins with a general statement and applies it to specific conclusions
deductive reasoning
a decline in a nation’s or region’s industrial activity
deindustrialization
a reduction in family size in the late 1800s caused by falling birth rates in industrialized nations
demographic transition
the system of recruiting Christian boys from the Balkans to be enslaved, converted to Islam, and trained to serve the Ottoman sultan
devshirme
a non-Muslim living under Muslim rule
dhimmi
a ship made of coconut-wood planks sewn together with coconut fiber and equipped with lateen sails
dhow
an executive council of five men established by the Convention in France to replace the Committee of Public Safety after the decline of the Reign of Terror
Directory
the belief that the neighbors of a communist country were likely to become communist themselves
domino theory
the relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s
détente
the 1916 rebellion of Irish Nationalists against the British in Dublin
Easter Rising
the practice of dominating a foreign country economically
economic imperialism
a philosophical concept based on the belief that all knowledge derives from sensory experience
empiricism
a system of coerced labor based on a grant by the Spanish Crown that entitled conquistadors to the labor of specified numbers of Indigenous people
encomienda
the first programmable electronic digital computer, built by the United States during World War II
ENIAC
an absolutist ruler influenced by the principles of the Enlightenment
enlightened despot
a 1917 act passed in the United States that made anti-war propaganda illegal
Espionage Act
a legislative assembly of the three estates, or orders, of French society: the clergy, the nobility, and commoners
Estates General
a single-market zone created in 1993 to allow the free movement of goods, services, money, and people among European member states
European Union (EU)
a presidential order that led to relocation and internment of more than 100,000 Japanese Americans during the war
Executive Order 9066
an economy that primarily provides raw materials for use by other nations
export economy
in the context of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a trading post with offices and warehouses
factory
a political movement focused on transforming citizens into committed nationalists striving for unity and racial purity to remedy a perceived national decline
fascism
the Nazi plan to eliminate the Jewish population of Europe; developed by senior bureaucrats at the Wannsee Conference
Final Solution
domestic plans adopted by the Soviet Union in the 1930s to target industrial and agricultural output goals that were usually unrealistic
Five-Year Plans
woman of the 1920s who embraced an independent lifestyle while wearing shorter skirts and hairstyles
flapper
a native army commanded by European officers to enforce brutal discipline in the Congo Free State
Force Publique
a 1947 trade agreement among twenty-three countries to reinforce postwar economic recovery, later replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
a concept in political philosophy by which the state can be legitimate only if it is guided by the will of the people as a whole
general will
a French term that referred to free people of color in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now Haiti
gens de couleur libres
a 1939 agreement between Germany and the USSR in which the two nations agreed not to attack one another or to assist other nations in attacking the other and to divide portions of eastern Europe between them
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
an alliance of thirty-nine mostly German-speaking states developed to replace the Holy Roman Empire in 1815
Germanic Confederation
a moderate faction of the Jacobin political club in revolutionary France
Girondins
a Soviet policy encouraging openness, which allowed those who were angry to be critical of the government
glasnost
a person who sees themselves as responsible to a world community rather than only a national one
global citizen
the general rise in Earth’s temperature that scientists have observed over approximately the past two hundred years
global warming
the interconnectedness of societies and economies throughout the world as a result of trade, technology, and adoption and sharing of various aspects of culture
globalization
a monetary system in which the value of a country’s currency is tied directly to the value of gold
gold standard
the view that it is enough to study the deeds and impact of important leaders to paint an accurate picture of the past
great man theory
political parties organized around environmental concerns
green parties
the “cry” of Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo’s declaration of rebellion made in the town of Dolores on September 16, 1810
Grito de Dolores
the “cry” of Ipiranga, Pedro I’s declaration of Brazilian independence, made at the Ipiranga River in 1822
Grito do Ipiranga
the value of all the goods and services a country produces in one year
gross domestic product (GDP)
the 1964 resolution that gave President Lyndon Johnson permission to retaliate against North Vietnamese attacks and to act first to defend U.S. lives
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
the Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen and later led by Chiang Kai-shek
Guomindang
the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca
hajj
the Korean alphabet, introduced by King Sejong in 1446
hangul
the ability to see the past on its own terms, without judgment or the imposition of our own modern-day attitudes
historical empathy
the study of how historians have already interpreted the past
historiography
the Nazi genocide that resulted in the murder of more than six million Jewish people and at least three million members of other, non-Jewish minority groups
Holocaust
the use of images and symbols in art
iconography
the policy of gaining direct or indirect control over parts of the world with low-cost resources and no competing mass-produced goods
imperialism
people bound by a contract to work for someone for an agreed-upon number of years
indentured servants
a system in which colonial powers cooperated with Indigenous elites and allowed local leaders to exercise some authority
indirect rule
a form of logical reasoning that gathers specific examples and observations to arrive at a broad generalization
inductive reasoning
a way to reduce or cancel the time after death during which people needed to suffer in purgatory to atone for their sins before reaching heaven
indulgences
the period during which societies transitioned away from a focus on agriculture and handicraft production to manufacturing, primarily with machines
Industrial Revolution
the history of ideas, which looks at the philosophies that drive people to make certain choices
intellectual history
the centralizing administrative system in Spanish America whereby local governments were run by governors
intendancy system
a state formed by the twenty-six southern counties in Ireland and later called Ireland
Irish Free State
a fundamentalist and militant Islamic group that grew in power and waged a war in Iraq and Syria following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003
Islamic State
a radical political club in revolutionary France that supported overthrowing the monarchy
Jacobins
a company in which numerous merchants pooled their money to fund a business venture like a trading voyage and shared both risk and profit
joint stock company
deliberative or administrative councils in Spain and Spanish America
juntas
a 1928 treaty signed by more than sixty countries to renounce war as a foreign policy tool
Kellogg-Briand Pact
an association that organizes workers of all kinds, both skilled and unskilled
labor union
the theory that market forces alone should drive the economy and that governments should refrain from direct intervention in or moderation of the economic system
laissez-faire economics
a triangular-shaped sail that allows a boat to sail both with and into the wind
lateen sail
a multinational organization created by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles to promote the goal of collective security
League of Nations
a German term meaning “living room” and referring to lands seized from countries in eastern Europe in which Adolf Hitler envisioned settling German families to supplant the native Slavic populations
Lebensraum
U.S. legislation enacted to provide military assistance to nations important to its defense
Lend-Lease Act
a political ideology that promotes freedom of expression, popular sovereignty, the protection of civil rights and private property, and representative government
liberalism
cowboys of the Venezuelan plains
llaneros
a northward march of communist supporters led by Mao Zedong that saved them from extermination by the Guomindang
Long March
British workers in the early nineteenth century who resisted industrialization
Luddites
a system in which control of an area was transferred from one government to another under the oversight of the League of Nations
mandate system
the U.S. project to build an atomic bomb
Manhattan Project
a plan extending financial assistance to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II
Marshall Plan
the idea, espoused by Karl Marx, that recognizing class struggle is central to understanding societies
Marxism
the use of machines to replace the labor of animals and humans
mechanization
the period beginning in 1868 when, under Emperor Meiji, Japan began to industrialize
Meiji Restoration
an economic theory in which a nation’s power depended on the wealth it gained by exporting goods of greater value than it imported, and in which a gain for one nation was a loss for another
mercantilism
the middle (or second) leg of the three-legged triangular trade that carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas
Middle Passage
the system through which non-Muslim religious communities were allowed to regulate their internal affairs according to their own religious laws
millet system
a principle of U.S. foreign policy that warned European nations to refrain from interfering with independent countries in the Western Hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine
a radical faction of the Jacobin club in revolutionary France that supported executing the king
Mountain
a corporate business entity that controls the production of goods and services in multiple countries
multinational corporation
an agreement reached in 1938 in which Czechoslovakia granted territorial concessions to Germany, Poland, and Hungary in the hopes that Adolf Hitler would cease his aggressions
Munich Pact
a political ideology that promotes the interests of the nation over international concerns and advocates the uniqueness and inherent superiority of the individual’s own country over others
nationalism
universal and inalienable rights that cannot be revoked or rescinded by human laws
natural rights
a literary style that emphasized realistic, detached, impersonal depictions of characters whose actions were molded by their environment in ways they often had no ability to control
naturalism
a U.S. program of economic reform under Franklin Roosevelt that created work-relief programs
New Deal
Lenin’s policy that introduced some aspects of capitalism in response to hardships and growing discontent among the Russian people
New Economic Policy (NEP)
a movement that developed in the 1920s as African Americans agitated for increased civil rights
New Negro movement
a movement of nations that sought to remain outside the sphere of influence of both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Non-Aligned Movement
a 1992 trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to reduce trade barriers and allow goods to flow freely
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
a military alliance among the United States, Canada, and the countries of Western Europe
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
a series of laws promulgated in Germany in 1935, institutionalizing Nazi racial theories and discrimination against Jewish people
Nuremberg Laws
the formal postwar prosecution of German war crimes
Nuremberg Trials
the process of moving some of a company’s operations overseas to access cheaper labor markets
offshoring
the process of hiring outside contractors, sometimes abroad, to perform tasks a company once performed internally
outsourcing
a movement based on the idea that all people in Africa could work together to achieve greater independence
Pan-African movement
a 2015 treaty among members of the United Nations to limit global warming to less than 2°C (3.6°F) above levels from the time of industrialization
Paris Agreement
forced labor assigned as punishment to those convicted of crimes
penal labor
in Spanish colonies, European-born White people from Spain
peninsulares
the agreement between Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin about how to divide political influence in Eastern Europe after the war
Percentages Agreement
the restructuring of the Soviet state and economy under Mikhail Gorbachev
perestroika
Agustín de Iturbide’s proclamation of independence creating a constitutional monarchy and protecting both the Catholic Church and Europeans living in Mexico
Plan de Iguala
violent attacks on Jewish people in the Russian empire
pogroms
the idea that government should exist only by the consent of the governed
popular sovereignty
the most immediate reason an event occurred
primary cause
a document, object, or other source material from the time period under study
primary source
the boundary of westward settlement that Britain marked out in its thirteen North American colonies
Proclamation Line
a school of thought that views history as a straight line to a specific and more democratic destination
progressive history
the landless working class
proletariat
wars fought by allies of the Soviet Union and the United States to avoid risking a direct conflict between the two superpowers during the Cold War
proxy wars
shared spaces that enabled the exchange of ideas and information outside the control of state and church, like coffeehouses and salons
public sphere
wages measured in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with them
real wages
a literary and artistic style that realistically depicted everyday life in the contemporary world
realism
a period of the French Revolution during which the revolutionary government adopted repressive measures to prevent dissent
Reign of Terror
monetary payments to be made to the Allied nations by Germany to compensate for destruction they suffered in the war
reparations
the problem that makes resource-rich developing countries prone to authoritarianism, high rates of conflict, and low rates of economic growth
resource curse
the process of altering our interpretation of historical events by adding new elements and perspectives
revisionism
the way words are used and put together in speaking or writing
rhetoric
an Italian term that refers to the unification of Italy
Risorgimento
an artistic movement formed in response to the Industrial Revolution that prized emotion and imagination and took as its subjects the themes of nature, the ordinary person, the exotic, the ancient, and the supernatural
romanticism
informal gathering in the homes of wealthy aristocrats, generally hosted by women, that served as a site for the discussion of Enlightenment ideas and philosophies
salon
a two-hundred-mile march led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi in India in 1930 to protest the British prohibition on collecting salt and the heavy taxes on its purchase
Salt March
a French term that referred to radicals from the lower and working classes during the French Revolution
sans-culottes
a country controlled by another nation
satellite state
a German war plan to sweep through Belgium and northern France before turning to Russia
Schlieffen Plan
German Nazi paramilitary organization designed for security and intimidation
Schutzstaffel (SS)
the competition among European countries to establish colonies in Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
Scramble for Africa
a document, object, or other source material written or created after the time period under study
secondary source
a 1918 act passed in the United States that forbade forms of speech considered disloyal to the war effort
Sedition Act
Indian soldiers who served the British in India
sepoys
Islamic religious law
sharia
a Japanese system in which a military leader, the shogun, and an aristocratic military elite, the samurai, ruled in place of the emperor
shogunate
a monotheistic faith that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam, established in the Punjab region of northwestern India in the fifteenth century
Sikhism
a late seventeenth-century Korean reform movement that promoted the study of the physical sciences and technology in order to solve practical problems
Silhak
a political party organized in 1905 that argued for greater sovereignty for Ireland
Sinn Féin
a section of African coast along the Bight of Benin, centered on the port city of Whydah and a major source of African people sold into slavery
Slave Coast
ideas such as class and gender created and accepted by the people in a society that influence the way they think and behave
social constructs
people who favor the creation of a socialist society through democratic means
social democrat
a field of history that looks at all classes and categories of people, not just elites
social history
an economic system in which the public owns the means of production
socialism
an artistic movement in the Soviet Union that took the worker as a subject and was about patriotism as much as art
socialist realism
an act of the British Parliament that imposed taxes on legal documents and other printed materials in its North American colonies in 1765
Stamp Act
a term describing the region of West Africa south of the Sahara Desert
Sudanic
a person who protested in favor of women’s right to vote
suffragist
an Islamic mystic; practitioner of Sufism, the mystical expression of Islamic faith
Sufi
the period between the tenure of Hurrem Sultan in the mid-fifteenth century and the late seventeenth century, during which wives and mothers of the sultan were able to exert political power and influence at court
Sultanate of Women
a language that combines the grammar of African Bantu languages with a Bantu and Arabic vocabulary and is spoken in East Africa
Swahili
a secret agreement reached between France and Britain in 1916 to partition areas of the Middle East after the war
Sykes-Picot Agreement
a system of management that sought to improve workers’ productivity by curbing wasteful movements
Taylorism
the contest between Britain and Russia to dominate central Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
The Great Game
an implicit agreement among members of a society to surrender their natural rights to the state, which is then charged with maintaining and protecting those rights
the social contract
a war fought using all available resources, with no restrictions on weapons or their targets
total war
a form of government in which the state controls all aspects of a person’s life
totalitarianism
society established by merchants who initially traveled to a foreign country to do business and then settled there
trade diaspora community
an association that organizes workers in a particular craft or industry
trade union
a 1494 agreement awarding land to Portugal and Spain by dividing the Atlantic Ocean along a line one hundred leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of Africa
Treaty of Tordesillas
a 1919 treaty that formally ended World War I, redrew the map of Europe, and created the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
the trade in goods and enslaved people that took place between the Americas, Europe, and West Africa from the late fifteenth through the early nineteenth centuries
triangular trade
the first successful U.S. test of an atomic bomb
Trinity Test
a treaty of alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Alliance
a treaty of alliance between France, Russia, and Britain
Triple Entente
the promise of U.S. assistance to any country in danger of being overthrown by communism
Truman Doctrine
members of a large Shia sect who believe the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, will return, along with Jesus, to defeat evil on earth
Twelvers
German submarines equipped with torpedoes that sank thousands of pounds of cargo over the course of World War I
U-boats
a class of religious clerics and scholars who act as the primary interpreters of Islamic law
ulama
organizations that support an extreme form of nationalism and often seek ethnically homogeneous homelands
ultranationalist movements
the community of Muslims
ummah
a Malaccan maritime law code, part of the Undang-Undang Melaka, governing the conduct of sailors and traveling merchants
Undang-Undang Laut Melaka
an administrative subdivision of the Spanish Empire, ruled by a direct representative of the king
viceroyalty
the apparition of the Virgin Mary who is said to have appeared to the Aztec peasant Juan Diego and later became the national symbol and patron saint of Mexico
Virgin of Guadalupe
a mix of Roman Catholic and indigenous West African religious practices popular in Haiti
Vodou
a U.S. federal agency created in 1917 to control the economic and industrial output of factories in times of war
War Industries Board (WIB)
a military and political alliance among the communist nations of Eastern Europe
Warsaw Pact
a British program to help women ensure enough foodstuffs were produced on farms while men served in the military
Women’s Land Army
a 1917 telegram sent by Germany’s foreign minister offering an alliance with Mexico in return for Mexico causing disturbances along its U.S. border
Zimmermann Telegram