The “Four Rightly Guided” caliphs should be respected as the first imams. Jesus will appear to herald the Day of Judgment, accompanied by the twelfth Shia imam. The leader of the ummah should be a descendant of Muhammad. The Quran is the most sacred text of Islam.

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correspondence trade contracts poll taxes caravansariesTrade helped expand the reach of Islam. Dhimmis were prohibited from participating in trade. Markets lacked a uniform system of weights and measures. Merchants operated outside the rules of sharia.letters of credit market inspectors caravansaries shariaThey wanted to encourage trade across their lands. They needed them to issue letters of credit. They required them to verify business contracts. They used them to discourage dhimmis from trading.the use of trigonometry to calculate the qibla the use of artillery in the siege of Constantinople the use of Portuguese observations to create a world map the use of the arquebus for Mughal warfaredevshirme vaqf millet system Sultanate of Womenthe creation of a unified legal code that applied to all parts of the empire the conquest of Constantinople and the destruction of the Byzantine Empire the establishment of government-supported schools for children of all religions the destruction of the Topkapi PalaceOttoman scientists considered scientific study a form of religious devotion and conducted research in a variety of areas, especially medicine and astronomy. Science was strictly controlled by religious authorities, who could suppress discoveries that contradicted religious doctrine. Scientific research was restricted to Muslims; bright students who were members of a millet had to convert to Islam to participate. Ottoman military technology got better over time, but weaponry became heavier and required new methods of transportation.