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<p>
        If a sentence has both a <strong>subject</strong> and a <strong>direct object</strong> the subject is the actor and the direct object is acted upon.
        For example in the sentence <strong>He is reading a book</strong>, <strong>He</strong> is the subject, because <strong>He</strong> is doing the reading,
        while <strong>a book</strong> is the direct object, because it is the thing being read. It is acted upon by the subject.
    </p>

    <table class="ui celled table">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>Sentence</th>
                <th>Finding the subject</th>
                <th>Subject</th>
                <th>Finding the object</th>
                <th>Direct object</th>
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>He is reading a book.</td>
                <td>Who is reading?</td>
                <td>He</td>
                <td>What is he reading?</td>
                <td>a book</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>I am drinking tea.</td>
                <td>Who is drinking?</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td>What am I drinking?</td>
                <td>tea</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>We are eating the soup.</td>
                <td>Who is eating?</td>
                <td>We</td>
                <td>What are we eating?</td>
                <td>the soup</td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>

    <p>
        In Turkish, the direct object gets a suffix when it is <strong>definite</strong>.
        The direct object is definite when it refers to a specific object or a specific collection of objects that is known to the addressee (the addressee is the person whom the sentence is directed to).
    </p>
    <p>
        In the sentences above <strong>a book</strong> is not definite, because the addressee doesn't know which book the subject is reading.
        The direct object <strong>tea</strong> is also not definite, since the addressee only knows that I am drinking tea, not which tea I am drinking.
        In the last sentence however, <strong>the soup</strong> is definite. The addressee here knows which soup we are talking about, for example because
        it has already been mentioned before in the conversation.
    </p>
    <p>
        In Turkish, the <strong>definite direct object</strong> receives the <strong>accusative case suffix</strong>, which is <strong>(y)İ</strong>.
        The <strong>y</strong> is between parenthesis again, since it is only used when the direct object ends in a vowel, acting as a buffer letter to prevent two consecutive vowels.
    </p>
    <p>
        Now let's translate the sentences above. Note that in Turkish you don't eat soup, but you drink it.
    </p>

    <table class="ui fixed celled table">
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>He is reading a book.</td>
                <td>(O) (bir) kitap okuyor.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>I am drinking tea.</td>
                <td>(Ben) çay içiyorum.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>We are eating the soup.</td>
                <td>(Biz) çorba<strong>yı</strong> içiyoruz.</td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>

    <p>
        See the table below for a reminder of how to replace <strong>İ</strong> according to major vowel harmony.
    </p>

    <table class="ui celled table">
        <tbody><tr>
            <td>If the last vowel of the object is</td>
            <td><strong>i</strong> or <strong>e</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ı</strong> or <strong>a</strong></td>
            <td><strong>u</strong> or <strong>o</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ü</strong> or <strong>ö</strong></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>replace İ by</td>
            <td><strong>i</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ı</strong></td>
            <td><strong>u</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ü</strong></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody></table>

    <p>
        <strong>Proper nouns</strong> receive an apostrophe before a case suffix.
        Proper nouns are names referring to specific entities such as persons, corporations, cities and countries.
    </p>

    <table class="ui fixed celled table">
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>You are listening to Selma.</td>
                <td>(Siz) Selma'yı dinliyorsunuz.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>They love Istanbul.</td>
                <td>(Onlar) İstanbul'u seviyorlar.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>He is looking for Mehmet.</td>
                <td>(O) Mehmet'i arıyor.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>You are drinking the water.</td>
                <td>(Sen) suyu içiyorsun.</td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>

The accusative case suffix

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

phrase

postposition

pronoun

sentence

Unknown

verb

VERB - ablative

VERB - accusative

VERB - auxiliary

VERB - dative

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - locative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - transitive, non-causative

Counting to 10

Fruits

The days of the week

The months of the year

Demonstratives

Adjectives

Vegetables

Animals extended

Hello and goodbye

Colors

First degree family

Nouns and articles

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

Personal pronouns

The verb "to be"

There is and there are

The infinitive and the stem

The imperative and major vowel harmony

The present continuous

The locative case suffix

The dative case suffix

Final consonant harmony

Negative verbs

Questions in the present continuous

Questions with the verb "to be"

The imperative

The imperative forms of yemek and demek

Different uses of the present continuous

Irregular verbs

The Turkish alphabet

The indefinite article and the number one

The negative form of "to be"

Question words

Meeting people

Conjunctions

Stress inside questions

Locative location pronouns

Dative and ablative location pronouns

Accusative and locative personal pronouns

The genitive case suffix

Genitive personal pronouns

Extended family

The possession suffix

Dative and ablative personal pronouns

Expressing possession with var and yok

Clothing

The head and related parts

Compound nouns

Body parts

Combining suffixes

Water and the possession suffix

Vowel elimination on suffixation

Location postpositions

Location postpositions 2

Extra vocabulary and expressions

The ablative case suffix

Wearing things

Demonstratives with case suffixes

Counting larger numbers

Using numbers and quantifiers

A bit much and more and less

Animals

Telling time

The instrumentative

The definite simple past

Food

Nuts

Countries

Traffic and directions

The weather

With and without

Nationalities

Home

Question	Answer
to open	açmak
Istanbul	İstanbul
soup	çorba
We are eating the soup.	Çorbayı içiyoruz.
to love, to like	sevmek
They love Istanbul.	İstanbul'u seviyorlar.
Drink the coffee.	Kahveyi iç.
to want	istemek
chocolate	çikolata
taste, flavor^L	lezzet
delicious, tasty	lezzetli
I want the delicious chocolate.	Lezzetli çikolatayı istiyorum.
I want to go.	Gitmek istiyorum.
restaurant	restoran
I see the big restaurant.	Büyük restoranı görüyorum.
dirt; soil	kir
dirty	kirli
clean	temiz
to clean	temizlemek
toilet	tuvalet
Clean the toilet.	Tuvaleti temizle.
door; gate	kapı
Open the door.	Kapıyı aç.
to close; to turn off	kapatmak
window	pencere
Close the window.	Pencereyi kapat.

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