Turkish

<p>
        If a sentence has both a <strong>subject</strong> and a <strong>direct object</strong> the subject is the actor and the direct object is acted upon.
        For example in the sentence <strong>He is reading a book</strong>, <strong>He</strong> is the subject, because <strong>He</strong> is doing the reading,
        while <strong>a book</strong> is the direct object, because it is the thing being read. It is acted upon by the subject.
    </p>

    <table class="ui celled table">
        <thead>
            <tr>
                <th>Sentence</th>
                <th>Finding the subject</th>
                <th>Subject</th>
                <th>Finding the object</th>
                <th>Direct object</th>
            </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>He is reading a book.</td>
                <td>Who is reading?</td>
                <td>He</td>
                <td>What is he reading?</td>
                <td>a book</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>I am drinking tea.</td>
                <td>Who is drinking?</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td>What am I drinking?</td>
                <td>tea</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>We are eating the soup.</td>
                <td>Who is eating?</td>
                <td>We</td>
                <td>What are we eating?</td>
                <td>the soup</td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>

    <p>
        In Turkish, the direct object gets a suffix when it is <strong>definite</strong>.
        The direct object is definite when it refers to a specific object or a specific collection of objects that is known to the addressee (the addressee is the person whom the sentence is directed to).
    </p>
    <p>
        In the sentences above <strong>a book</strong> is not definite, because the addressee doesn't know which book the subject is reading.
        The direct object <strong>tea</strong> is also not definite, since the addressee only knows that I am drinking tea, not which tea I am drinking.
        In the last sentence however, <strong>the soup</strong> is definite. The addressee here knows which soup we are talking about, for example because
        it has already been mentioned before in the conversation.
    </p>
    <p>
        In Turkish, the <strong>definite direct object</strong> receives the <strong>accusative case suffix</strong>, which is <strong>(y)İ</strong>.
        The <strong>y</strong> is between parenthesis again, since it is only used when the direct object ends in a vowel, acting as a buffer letter to prevent two consecutive vowels.
    </p>
    <p>
        Now let's translate the sentences above. Note that in Turkish you don't eat soup, but you drink it.
    </p>

    <table class="ui fixed celled table">
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>He is reading a book.</td>
                <td>(O) (bir) kitap okuyor.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>I am drinking tea.</td>
                <td>(Ben) çay içiyorum.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>We are eating the soup.</td>
                <td>(Biz) çorba<strong>yı</strong> içiyoruz.</td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>

    <p>
        See the table below for a reminder of how to replace <strong>İ</strong> according to major vowel harmony.
    </p>

    <table class="ui celled table">
        <tbody><tr>
            <td>If the last vowel of the object is</td>
            <td><strong>i</strong> or <strong>e</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ı</strong> or <strong>a</strong></td>
            <td><strong>u</strong> or <strong>o</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ü</strong> or <strong>ö</strong></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>replace İ by</td>
            <td><strong>i</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ı</strong></td>
            <td><strong>u</strong></td>
            <td><strong>ü</strong></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody></table>

    <p>
        <strong>Proper nouns</strong> receive an apostrophe before a case suffix.
        Proper nouns are names referring to specific entities such as persons, corporations, cities and countries.
    </p>

    <table class="ui fixed celled table">
        <tbody>
            <tr>
                <td>You are listening to Selma.</td>
                <td>(Siz) Selma'yı dinliyorsunuz.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>They love Istanbul.</td>
                <td>(Onlar) İstanbul'u seviyorlar.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>He is looking for Mehmet.</td>
                <td>(O) Mehmet'i arıyor.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>You are drinking the water.</td>
                <td>(Sen) suyu içiyorsun.</td>
            </tr>
        </tbody>
    </table>

The accusative case suffix

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

kirli

Breakdown of kirli

Usages of kirli