Questions & Answers about Sınav gayet kolaydı.
How does gayet differ from o kadar, and could I say "Sınav o kadar kolaydı" instead?
You could, but it leaves the listener hanging! The phrase o kadar sets up an expectation for a result clause with ki, as in your current lesson: Sınav o kadar kolaydı ki herkes geçti (The exam was so easy that everyone passed). Using gayet simply means "quite" or "perfectly" without implying a consequence is about to be stated.
Does gayet mean the exact same thing as çok (very) or oldukça (quite)?
They are very similar, but gayet often carries a sense of satisfaction, approval, or something being "perfectly" a certain way. While oldukça kolay means "fairly easy", gayet kolay emphasizes that it was perfectly easy, highly satisfactory, and entirely manageable.
Why is the past tense suffix attached directly to the adjective in kolaydı?
In Turkish, the past tense copula (was/were) can attach directly to adjectives and nouns. The base adjective is kolay. Since it ends in a consonant (the letter y is a consonant in Turkish), the past tense suffix -dı attaches directly. If the adjective ended in a vowel, like kötü (bad), it would need the buffer letter y, becoming kötüydü.
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