Learn Turkish: Kısa etek çok pahalı. - The short skirt is very expensive.

In Turkish, adjectives that describe a noun always go right before that noun, exactly like in English. So kısa (short) comes before etek (skirt) to make kısa etek (short skirt).

Where is the word for "the" in this sentence?

There is no separate word for "the" in Turkish. When a subject like kısa etek starts the sentence, we usually understand it as specific ("the short skirt") based on the context.

Where is the verb "is" in Kısa etek çok pahalı?

Turkish doesn't use a separate word for "is". For third-person subjects (he/she/it) in the simple present tense, you can just state the subject (kısa etek) followed by its description (çok pahalı). The "is" is automatically understood.

I thought çok meant "a lot". Why does it translate to "very" here?

The meaning of çok changes slightly depending on what it describes. When it comes right before an adjective like pahalı (expensive), it acts as an intensifier and translates to "very". When used with nouns or verbs, it means "a lot" or "many".