Learn Turkish: Banka nerede? - Where is the bank?

Turkish does not have a word for 'the'. When you say banka, context tells us you mean 'the bank' (if you meant 'a bank', you would say bir banka). As for 'is', Turkish often drops the 'to be' verb when talking about a third person or object. Simply putting the subject and the location word together is enough to say it 'is' there.

What is the literal meaning of the parts inside nerede?

Nerede is built from smaller parts. It contains the question word ne (what) and the location ending -de (in/on/at). You can think of it as literally asking 'at what place?'.

Why is the word order Banka nerede instead of Nerede banka?

In Turkish, question words usually go in the exact same spot where the answer will be. If someone answers 'The bank is here' (Banka burada), the word burada (here) is at the end. Because of this, the question word nerede also goes at the end.

Do I always have to put nerede at the end of the sentence?

Standard Turkish puts the question word where the answer goes, so nerede usually goes at the end. However, in casual spoken Turkish, word order is very flexible. You might hear people say Nerede banka?, but while you are learning, sticking to Banka nerede? is the best habit to build.