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### The subject relative participle (-(y)An)

In English, we use words like "who," "which," or "that" to describe a noun with an action (e.g., "the agent *who knows*"). In Turkish, there are no separate relative pronouns. Instead, we use a special suffix attached directly to the verb to turn it into an adjective.

To describe a noun that *performs* an action (the subject), add **-an** or **-en** to the verb stem, following 2-way vowel harmony. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, buffer it with a **y**.

| Verb Stem | Suffix | Participle | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| al | -an | alan | that gets / takes |
| bil | -en | bilen | who knows |
| bekle | -yen | bekleyen | who waits |
| iste | -yen | isteyen | who wants |

Because this newly formed word acts as an adjective, it goes directly in front of the noun it modifies.

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### Describing properties and directions

When hunting for a rental apartment, participles are exactly what you need to state your requirements. Verbs like *bakmak* (to look / face) and *almak* (to take / receive) are very common in real estate listings.

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### Using "olan" for "that is" or "that has"

To say "who is" or "that is," use the participle form of *olmak* (to be): **olan**.

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You can also combine **olan** with possessive endings to express "that has." For example, *büyük bahçesi olan site* literally translates to "the complex its big garden which is," which is how you say "a complex that has a big garden."

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### Contracts and fees

You can apply the same logic to more complex requirements, such as finding an apartment whose maintenance fee (*aidat*) includes (*içeren*) your utilities, or describing the type of guarantor (*kefil*) you have for a contract.

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Subject relative participles (-(y)An)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
real estate agent	emlakçı
Where is the real estate agent who showed us the house?	Bize evi gösteren emlakçı nerede?
We want to work with a real estate agent who knows everything.	Her şeyi bilen bir emlakçı ile çalışmak istiyoruz.
south	güney
for rent	kiralık
I am looking for an apartment for rent that faces south.	Güneye bakan kiralık bir daire arıyorum.
residential complex	site
I want to see the houses for rent that are in this complex.	Bu sitede olan kiralık evleri görmek istiyorum.
We are looking for a residential complex that has a large garden.	Büyük bahçesi olan bir site arıyoruz.
facade / front (building, military)	cephe
The south facade is a place that gets sun.	Güney cephe güneş alan bir yer.
We chose the facade that faces the quiet street ourselves.	Sessiz sokağa bakan cepheyi kendimiz seçtik.
to include	içermek
maintenance fee	aidat
The maintenance fee that includes water and electricity is not very expensive.	Su ve elektriği içeren aidat çok pahalı değil.
We want to avoid residential complexes that ask for a high maintenance fee.	Yüksek aidat isteyen sitelerden kaçınmak istiyoruz.
expense	masraf
contract	sözleşme
We signed a contract that includes every expense.	Her masrafı içeren bir sözleşme imzaladık.
We didn't rent an old apartment that requires a lot of expense.	Çok masraf isteyen eski bir daire kiralamadık.
We canceled the contract that ends in December.	Aralık ayında biten sözleşmeyi iptal ettik.
guarantor	kefil
A guarantor who receives a regular salary is needed for the contract.	Sözleşme için düzenli maaş alan bir kefil lazım.
Is it difficult to find a guarantor who is a civil servant?	Memur olan bir kefil bulmak zor mu?