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In the previous lesson, we learned how to tell the current time using *geçiyor* (it is passing) and *var* (there is). But what if you want to state that an event happens *at* a specific time? 

To answer the question **Saat kaçta?** (At what time?) when exact minutes are involved, Turkish replaces *geçiyor* and *var* with two special time words: **geçe** and **kala**.

### Actions Past the Hour (Geçe)

To state that an action happens a certain number of minutes *past* the hour, use the word **geçe**. Just like when telling the current time, the hour takes the **Accusative case** suffix (`-(y)ı`, `-(y)i`, `-(y)u`, `-(y)ü`), while the minutes are stated as a plain number. 

Structure: **[Hour + Accusative] + [Minutes] + geçe + [Action]**

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Remember to use the buffer letter **-y-** if the number for the hour ends in a vowel:

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### Actions To the Hour (Kala)

To state that an action happens a certain number of minutes *before* the next hour, replace *var* with the word **kala**. The hour you are counting down towards takes the **Dative case** suffix (`-(y)a`, `-(y)e`).

Structure: **[Next Hour + Dative] + [Minutes] + kala + [Action]**

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### Using Quarters (Çeyrek) with Geçe and Kala

Just as we saw when telling the time, you can replace the number fifteen with the word **çeyrek** (quarter). It fits right into our new structures without any grammatical changes.

Here is how you use **çeyrek geçe** (at a quarter past):

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And here is how you use **çeyrek kala** (at a quarter to):

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Stating when things happen (geçe / kala)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
marathon	maraton
runner	koşucu
checkpoint / point	nokta
The marathon runner passed the checkpoint at a quarter to ten.	Maraton koşucusu noktayı ona çeyrek kala geçti.
observer	gözlemci
stopwatch	kronometre
The observer started the stopwatch at twenty past nine.	Gözlemci dokuzu yirmi geçe kronometreyi başlattı.
athlete	atlet
finish	bitiş
The athlete saw the finish line at ten to eleven.	Atlet on bire on kala bitiş çizgisini gördü.
pace / tempo	tempo
Despite his slow pace, the marathon runner passed the checkpoint at a quarter past eight.	Yavaş temposuna rağmen maraton koşucusu noktayı sekizi çeyrek geçe geçti.
track	pist
The observers will leave the track at twenty to five.	Gözlemciler beşe yirmi kala pistten ayrılacak.
The runners looked at the stopwatch at ten past twelve.	Koşucular on ikiyi on geçe kronometreye baktı.
The fastest runner passed the first checkpoint at a quarter to three.	En hızlı koşucu ilk noktayı üçe çeyrek kala geçti.
Because of the high pace, the athletes reached the finish line at twenty past one.	Yüksek tempodan dolayı atletler bitiş çizgisine biri yirmi geçe ulaştı.
I will be on the track at five to two for the finish.	Bitiş için ikiye beş kala pistte olacağım.
We need to reach the checkpoint at twenty-five past four.	Dördü yirmi beş geçe noktaya ulaşmamız lazım.
The observer who will check the stopwatch will come at ten to seven.	Kronometreyi kontrol edecek gözlemci yediye on kala gelecek.
The runner increased the pace at a quarter past five.	Koşucu beşi çeyrek geçe tempoyu artırdı.
crossing / passing	geçiş
The athlete makes the crossing at ten past three.	Atlet üçü on geçe geçiş yapıyor.
The runner finishes the crossing at a quarter to four.	Koşucu dörde çeyrek kala geçişi bitiriyor.