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### Formulas that carry culture

The everyday politeness set gave you *teşekkürler*, *buyurun* and *geçmiş olsun*; this lesson adds the formulas Turks reach for at life's bigger moments. Each one is fixed — you do not build these from grammar, you deploy them whole, at the right moment.

{{item:847281}} is said over anything admirable — a new baby, a child's success, glowing health. It is not only praise: tradition holds that open admiration invites the evil eye (*nazar*), and *maşallah* wards it off. Omitting it while admiring someone's baby can genuinely unsettle the grandmother.

{{item:847284}} expresses relief and gratitude — *thank goodness*. It answers good news about health, safe arrivals, and troubles survived.

{{item:847287}} — literally *may your head be alive* — is **the** condolence formula, and it is obligatory: at a death you say it to the bereaved, whatever else you say.

{{item:847290}} greets everyone during a religious or national holiday — on visits, in shops, on the phone.

{{item:847293}} — *use it laughingly* — congratulates a purchase: a phone, a car, new shoes. Say it whenever someone shows you something newly bought.

| formula | say it when... |
|---|---|
| *maşallah* | admiring a baby, a success, good health |
| *çok şükür* | relief — trouble turned out well |
| *başın sağ olsun* | someone has lost a relative |
| *iyi bayramlar* | meeting anyone during bayram |
| *güle güle kullan* | someone shows a new purchase |

You know *güle güle* as the goodbye said by the one staying; the same *laughingly* image returns here — good things should happen with laughter.

Social formulas II — blessings and condolences

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
wonderful! (protective compliment)	maşallah
"Our baby was born last week." "Mashallah, what wonderful news!"	Bebeğimiz geçen hafta doğdu. Maşallah, çok güzel haber!
"My son passed the exam." "Mashallah, congratulations!"	Oğlum sınavı geçti. Maşallah, tebrikler!
thank goodness	çok şükür
"How did the surgery go?" "Thank goodness, my mother is fine now."	Ameliyat nasıl geçti? Çok şükür, annem artık iyi.
"Did you find a job?" "Yes, thank goodness, I found one yesterday."	İş buldun mu? Evet, çok şükür, dün buldum.
my condolences	başın sağ olsun
"My grandfather died yesterday." "I'm so sorry, my condolences."	Dedem dün öldü. Çok üzüldüm, başın sağ olsun.
"I heard your aunt died. My condolences."	Teyzen öldü, duydum. Başın sağ olsun.
happy bayram	iyi bayramlar
"Happy bayram!" "Thank you, happy bayram to you too."	İyi bayramlar! Teşekkürler, size de iyi bayramlar.
"We came for bayram." "Welcome, happy bayram!"	Bayram için geldik. Hoş geldiniz, iyi bayramlar!
enjoy your new one (said for a purchase)	güle güle kullan
"I bought a new phone." "Enjoy your new one!"	Yeni telefon aldım. Güle güle kullan!
"I saw your new car, it's very nice. Enjoy it!"	Yeni arabanı gördüm, çok güzel. Güle güle kullan!