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### The Reflexive Suffix: Doing Actions to Oneself

In Turkish, you can often turn an action done to someone else into an action done to *oneself* by adding the reflexive suffix **-(I)n** to the verb root. 

To build this structure:
- If the verb root ends in a vowel, simply add **-n**.
- If it ends in a consonant, add **-ın**, **-in**, **-un**, or **-ün**, following 4-way vowel harmony.

Let's look at the verb **övmek** (to praise). 

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By adding the reflexive suffix, we get **övünmek** (literally "to praise oneself", which translates as "to boast").

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### Common Reflexive Verbs: Feelings and Reactions

Many verbs describing emotional reactions or social behaviors in Turkish take this reflexive form. For example, **almak** means "to take", but **alınmak** means "to take offense" (to take something to oneself). Similarly, **söylemek** means "to say", but **söylenmek** means "to grumble" or "to mutter to oneself".

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Another common verb that describes social feelings is **utanmak** (to feel ashamed or shy). When you are ashamed of or shy about something, that source of shame takes the ablative case ending (**-dan** / **-den**), indicating the feeling comes "from" it.

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### Daily Routines and Hiding

The reflexive suffix is also used for physical actions that you perform on your own body or for your own concealment. 

For instance, **saklamak** means "to hide (something)", while **saklanmak** means "to hide oneself".

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You will frequently see this suffix in personal hygiene and daily grooming routines. **Yıkamak** is "to wash (something)", making **yıkanmak** "to wash oneself" or "to bathe". Likewise, **taramak** is "to comb", making **taranmak** "to comb one's own hair".

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Reflexive verbs (-(I)n)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
excessively	aşırı
to praise	övmek
The boss praised you excessively.	Patron seni aşırı övdü.
to boast	övünmek
I am extremely successful, but I will not boast.	Aşırı başarılıyım ama övünmeyeceğim.
to take offense	alınmak
He boasts constantly, so my friend is taking offense.	Sürekli övünüyor, bu yüzden arkadaşım alınıyor.
to grumble	söylenmek
Nobody praised him, for this reason he is grumbling.	Kimse onu övmedi, bunun için söyleniyor.
You take offense at everything and grumble.	Her şeye alınıyorsun ve söyleniyorsun.
pride	gurur
to feel ashamed	utanmak
She was ashamed of her husband's pride.	Kocasının gururundan utandı.
to hide oneself	saklanmak
They are ashamed of the guests, so they are hiding behind the door.	Misafirlerden utanıyorlar, bu yüzden kapının arkasında saklanıyorlar.
Children, please hide in the garden!	Çocuklar, lütfen bahçede saklanın!
to wash oneself	yıkanmak
to comb oneself	taranmak
They washed and combed their hair quickly in the bathroom.	Banyoda çabuk yıkandılar ve tarandılar.
You must wash and comb your hair every morning.	Her sabah yıkanmalısın ve taranmalısın.
You are excessively tired, you need to sleep.	Aşırı yorgunsun, uyuman lazım.
The manager praised the team with pride.	Müdür takımı gururla övdü.
If he takes offense, he grumbles.	Alınırsa söylenir.