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### Stacking Voice Suffixes

You can stack multiple voice suffixes on a single Turkish verb. Combining the **reciprocal** and **causative** suffixes creates verbs that mean "to make people do something together."

- **Reciprocal (-(i)ş)**: Indicates an action done together or to each other (e.g., *bulmak* "to find" -> *buluşmak* "to meet").
- **Causative (-tir)**: Indicates causing or enabling an action.

Because the reciprocal suffix always ends in the voiceless consonant **ş**, the causative suffix always starts with **t**, taking the form **-tır**, **-tir**, **-tur**, or **-tür** (following 4-way vowel harmony).

### Connecting People

This **-(i)ştirmek** structure is perfect for professional events where you need to make people interact or bond.

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You will frequently use this structure to mediate, introduce guests, or arrange meetings. For example, *görüşmek* means "to converse," so *görüştürmek* is "to arrange a meeting." *Tanışmak* means "to meet for the first time," making *tanıştırmak* "to introduce."

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### Idiomatic Uses

Sometimes the literal meaning of "causing to do together" fades, creating a brand-new everyday word. A common example is **atıştırmak** (to snack). It stems from *atmak* (to throw), taking on the sense of hastily throwing together small bites of food.

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Reciprocal-causative verbs (-(i)ştirmek)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
workshop (meeting or seminar)	çalıştay
to bring together	buluşturmak
This workshop brings together the sector's most successful experts.	Bu çalıştay, sektörün en başarılı uzmanlarını buluşturuyor.
cocktail, cocktail reception	kokteyl
to make bond, to integrate	kaynaştırmak
The goal of the cocktail reception is to make the new participants mingle with each other.	Kokteylin amacı, yeni katılımcıları birbirleriyle kaynaştırmak.
to make meet, to connect (people)	görüştürmek
to introduce (people)	tanıştırmak
I didn't know the boss would arrange for the investors to meet and introduce them.	Patronun yatırımcıları görüştüreceğini ve tanıştıracağını bilmiyordum.
foyer	fuaye
business card	kartvizit
The guests that I introduced in the foyer shared their business cards.	Benim fuayede tanıştırdığım misafirler kartvizitlerini paylaştı.
to reconcile (others, mediate)	uzlaştırmak
Reconciling two rival companies is a very difficult job.	İki rakip şirketi uzlaştırmak çok zor bir iş.
He left the workshop yesterday, and that was it, he never returned.	Dün çalıştaydan çıktı o çıkış, bir daha dönmedi.
I know that this cocktail reception will make everyone bond.	Biliyorum ki bu kokteyl herkesi kaynaştıracak.
to snack	atıştırmak
The guests are snacking on something in the foyer.	Misafirler fuayede bir şeyler atıştırıyor.
Our lawyer made us meet, but reconciling us is not easy.	Avukatımız bizi görüştürdü ama uzlaştırmak kolay değil.
The secretary brought the guests together and asked for their business cards.	Sekreter misafirleri buluşturdu ve onlardan kartvizitlerini istedi.
Snacking after the workshop was good for me.	Çalıştaydan sonra atıştırmak bana iyi geldi.