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### Present and Past Statements: `-DIk`

In English, we connect facts to verbs of knowledge, perception, or communication using "that" (e.g., "She denied *that* she committed the crime"). 

In Turkish, you express this by turning the action into a noun clause using the `-DIk` suffix. This form covers both past and present facts. To build it, add `-DIk` to the verb stem, followed by a possessive suffix to show *who* is performing the action inside the clause. Note that the *k* usually softens to *ğ* before the possessive vowel.

Because this clause acts as a noun, it takes whichever case ending the main verb requires. Usually, this is the accusative case (`-(y)i`, `-(y)ı`, etc.) because the clause is the direct object of verbs like "confess", "deny", or "prove".

*işle-* (to commit) + *-diğ-* (factive) + *-i* (his/her) + *-ni* (buffer *n* + accusative *i*) = *işlediğini* (that he/she committed)

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### The Subject of the Clause

If the subject of the "that" clause is explicitly stated (like "the killer" in "that the killer left a trace"), it takes the **genitive** case suffix. The verb at the end of the clause will have a matching possessive suffix, forming a possessor-possessed relationship (literally translating to "the killer's leaving").

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### Negative Factive Clauses

To state that an action did *not* happen, place the negative suffix (`-mA`) directly after the verb stem, right before the `-DIk` suffix.

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### Other Case Endings

Factive clauses always follow the case requirements of the main verb. While verbs like *itiraf etmek* (to confess) or *inkâr etmek* (to deny) take the accusative case, a verb like *inanmak* (to believe) requires the **dative** case (`-(y)A`). 

Therefore, the factive clause must end with a dative suffix rather than an accusative one.

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### Multiple Actions in a Clause

When describing multiple established facts or actions, you can apply the `-DIk` structure to each verb and link them with *ve* (and).

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Present and past factive clauses (-dığı)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
crime	suç
to commit (a crime)	işlemek
to deny (a fact, involvement)	inkâr etmek
He denied that he committed the crime.	Suçu işlediğini inkâr etti.
secretly	gizlice
trace / print	iz
to prove	kanıtlamak
We proved that the killer secretly left a trace.	Katilin gizlice iz bıraktığını kanıtladık.
intentionally / on purpose	kasten
to confess	itiraf etmek
The criminal confessed that he did this intentionally.	Suçlu, bunu kasten yaptığını itiraf etti.
to interrogate / to question	sorgulamak
Do you know that the detective is interrogating the suspect?	Dedektifin şüpheliyi sorguladığını biliyor musun?
to arrest	tutuklamak
The detective stated that he arrested the murderer.	Dedektif, katili tutukladığını söyledi.
The woman denied that she secretly deleted the traces.	Kadın, izleri gizlice sildiğini inkâr etti.
They didn't believe that he committed this crime.	Onun bu suçu işlediğine inanmadılar.
I saw that the police interrogated and arrested the suspect.	Polisin şüpheliyi sorguladığını ve tutukladığını gördüm.
He confessed that he hid the traces in the garden.	İzleri bahçede sakladığını itiraf etti.
The lawyer proved that the suspect secretly went out.	Avukat, şüphelinin gizlice dışarı çıktığını kanıtladı.
We understand that she did not commit the crime intentionally.	Suçu kasten işlemediğini anlıyoruz.
Those who know that they arrested him are hiding it.	Onu tutukladıklarını bilenler bunu gizliyor.