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### Personal Necessity

To say that a *specific* person needs to do something, use the short verbal noun (verb stem + **-ma** or **-me**) instead of the full infinitive (*-mak / -mek*). Attach a **possessive suffix** to show *whose* action is necessary, then add **lazım** or **gerek**.

| Person | Possessive | Example | Phrase |
|---|---|---|---|
| I (Ben) | -m | gitmem | gitmem lazım |
| You (Sen) | -n | gitmen | gitmen lazım |
| He/She (O) | -sı / -si | gitmesi | gitmesi lazım |
| We (Biz) | -mız / -miz | gitmemiz | gitmemiz lazım |
| You (Siz) | -nız / -niz | gitmeniz | gitmeniz lazım |
| They (Onlar)| -ları / -leri | gitmeleri | gitmeleri lazım |

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### Addressing Others (You need to...)

To tell someone what they need to do, use the second-person singular suffix *-n* (or plural/formal *-nız / -niz*).

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### Third Person (He/She needs to...)

For the third person, the suffix is *-sı* or *-si*. Because the short verbal noun always ends in a vowel (*-a* or *-e*), it always takes the buffer letter *s*.

When you name the specific person who needs to do the action (like "my father" or "my sister"), that noun takes the genitive (possessive) case ending. Literally, you are saying "My father's going is necessary."

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### Plural Needs (We and They)

For plural subjects, apply the plural possessive suffixes: *-mız / -miz* for "we" and *-ları / -leri* for "they".

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Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
garbage	çöp
to throw / to tie (a knot) / to lay (a foundation) / to put (a signature)	atmak
I need to throw away the garbage.	Çöpleri atmam lazım.
pharmacy	eczane
I need to buy medicine from the pharmacy.	Eczaneden ilaç almam lazım.
appointment	randevu
to cancel	iptal etmek
I need to cancel my appointment today.	Bugün randevumu iptal etmem gerek.
Why do you need to go to the pharmacy?	Neden eczaneye gitmen gerek?
laundry	çamaşır
You need to wash the laundry.	Çamaşırları yıkaman lazım.
mechanic	tamirci
You need to leave the car with the mechanic.	Arabayı tamirciye bırakman lazım.
barber	berber
My father needs to go to the barber.	Babamın berbere gitmesi lazım.
hairdresser	kuaför
My sister needs to go to the hairdresser.	Ablamın kuaföre gitmesi lazım.
He needs to cancel the barber appointment.	Berber randevusunu iptal etmesi lazım.
When does he need to throw away the garbage?	Çöpleri ne zaman atması lazım?
We need to get an appointment at the hairdresser.	Kuaförden randevu almamız gerek.
rent	kira
We need to pay the rent, but first we need to call the mechanic.	Kirayı ödememiz lazım ama önce tamirciyi aramamız gerek.
When do they need to pay the rent?	Kirayı ne zaman ödemeleri lazım?
They need to wash the laundry today.	Bugün çamaşırları yıkamaları gerek.
flu	grip
I have the flu, I am resting at home.	Bende grip var, evde dinleniyorum.
This medicine is very good for the flu.	Grip için bu ilaç çok iyi.
cough	öksürük
I bought medicine from the pharmacy for the cough.	Öksürük için eczaneden ilaç aldım.
My cough started last night.	Öksürüğüm dün gece başladı.
stomach	mide
My stomach aches a lot.	Midem çok ağrıyor.
This tea is very good for my stomach.	Midem için bu çay çok iyi.
belly, abdomen	karın
My belly aches, I am going to the doctor.	Karnım ağrıyor, doktora gidiyorum.
My belly is full, thanks.	Karnım tok, teşekkürler.
brain	beyin
The brain is very important for a person.	Beyin, insan için çok önemli.
Sleeping is very good for the brain.	Uyumak, beyin için çok iyi.