Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### The Obligation Suffix: "Must" and "Should"

In Turkish, expressing obligation ("must") and giving advice ("should") are handled by the same suffix. Whether you translate it as "must" or "should" depends entirely on the context.

To build this form, add **-malı** or **-meli** to the verb root, following 2-way vowel harmony:
- Back vowels (a, ı, o, u) take **-malı**.
- Front vowels (e, i, ö, ü) take **-meli**.

For the third person ("he", "she", or "it"), simply add the obligation suffix to the root. No additional personal ending is needed.

{{item:801007}}

{{item:801023}}

### Giving Advice: "You must" and "You should"

When giving advice to someone directly, attach the "you" ending **-sın / -sin**.

- You should/must: **Verb Root + -malısın / -melisin**

This form is perfect for telling someone what they should do to recover from a cold.

{{item:801012}}

{{item:801006}}

{{item:801016}}

{{item:801019}}

### Personal Obligations: "I must" and "We must"

When talking about what you or your group must do, use the first-person endings. Because the suffixes **-malı** and **-meli** end in a vowel, insert the buffer consonant **-y-** before attaching the personal endings (**-ım / -im** for "I", **-ız / -iz** for "we").

- I must: **Verb Root + -malıyım / -meliyim**
- We must: **Verb Root + -malıyız / -meliyiz**

{{item:801003}}

{{item:801021}}

{{item:801011}}

Must and should (-malı, -meli)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
throat	boğaz
My throat hurts a lot, I must drink hot water.	Boğazım çok ağrıyor, sıcak su içmeliyim.
to cough	öksürmek
syrup	şurup
You are coughing a lot, you should drink some syrup.	Çok öksürüyorsun, biraz şurup içmelisin.
He is coughing a lot, he must keep his throat warm.	O çok öksürüyor, boğazını sıcak tutmalı.
to recover	iyileşmek
To get well, he must drink this syrup every day.	İyileşmek için her gün bu şurubu içmeli.
pill	hap
To recover, we must take this pill and syrup.	İyileşmek için bu hapı ve şurubu kullanmalıyız.
cold (illness)	nezle
To recover quickly, you should take cold medicine.	Çabuk iyileşmek için nezle ilacı almalısın.
to sneeze	hapşırmak
nose	burun
You are always sneezing, you must wipe your nose.	Hep hapşırıyorsun, burnunu silmelisin.
Your nose is blocked, you should drink a hot soup.	Burnun kapalı, sıcak bir çorba içmelisin.
You are sneezing, you should rest at home today.	Hapşırıyorsun, bugün evde dinlenmelisin.
You have a cold, you must take very good care of yourself.	Nezlesin, kendine çok iyi bakmalısın.
blanket	battaniye
I have a cold, therefore I must sleep with a thick blanket.	Nezleyim, bu yüzden kalın bir battaniyeyle uyumalıyım.
to pay attention	dikkat etmek
Everyone must be careful, because there is a cold in the office.	Herkes kendine dikkat etmeli, çünkü ofiste nezle var.
You should take a pill and sleep with a thick blanket.	Bir hap içmelisin ve kalın bir battaniye ile uyumalısın.
You must pay attention to your health in cold weather.	Soğuk havada sağlığına dikkat etmelisin.