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### The formulas Turkish uses every day

Turkish leans on set phrases far more than English does. Several of these have no real English equivalent — you simply learn when they are said.

**Thanking and answering**

{{item:829322}} is the standard answer to *teşekkürler*. Note that it is not literal: the verb **rica etmek** means *to request*, but this frozen first-person form means **you're welcome**.

**Getting attention and apologising**

{{item:829325}} opens almost any approach to a stranger — asking the way, the price, the time. {{item:829328}} is its counterpart from the other side: a shopkeeper inviting you in, someone handing you an object, or a host waving you to a seat.

**Wishes for a situation**

| formula | said to someone who… |
|---|---|
| {{item:829331}} | is ill, or has just come through something bad |
| {{item:829334}} | is working — said on entering a shop or an office |
| {{item:829337}} | has just sneezed |
| {{item:829340}} | has achieved something |
| {{item:829343}} | at New Year |

**Parting and greeting informally**

{{item:829346}} is a warm goodbye to a friend, and {{item:829349}} is the casual *what's up* — answered with *iyilik* or simply *iyiyim*.

Everyday politeness formulas

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
you're welcome	rica ederim
Thanks! You're welcome.	Teşekkürler! Rica ederim.
You're welcome, it was very easy.	Rica ederim, çok kolaydı.
excuse me	affedersiniz
Excuse me, is this place open?	Affedersiniz, burası açık mı?
Excuse me, I waited for you.	Affedersiniz, sizi bekledim.
here you are, go ahead	buyurun
Here you are, the book is here.	Buyurun, kitap burada.
Go ahead, sit down.	Buyurun, oturun.
get well soon	geçmiş olsun
I am sick. Get well soon!	Hastayım. Geçmiş olsun!
Get well soon, you are better now.	Geçmiş olsun, artık iyisin.
may your work go easily	kolay gelsin
May your work go easily, you worked a lot.	Kolay gelsin, çok çalıştınız.
Hello, may your work go easily!	Merhaba, kolay gelsin!
bless you (after a sneeze)	çok yaşa
Bless you! Thanks.	Çok yaşa! Teşekkürler.
The child got sick, I said bless you.	Çocuk hasta oldu, çok yaşa dedim.
congratulations	tebrikler
Congratulations, the exam was easy!	Tebrikler, sınav kolaydı!
Congratulations! A very nice plan.	Tebrikler! Çok güzel bir plan.
happy new year	mutlu yıllar
Happy new year! The new year has begun.	Mutlu yıllar! Yeni yıl başladı.
Happy new year to everyone!	Herkese mutlu yıllar!
take care of yourself	kendine iyi bak
Goodbye, take care of yourself!	Hoşça kal, kendine iyi bak!
Take care of yourself, you are sick.	Kendine iyi bak, hastasın.
what's up, how are things	ne haber
Hi! What's up?	Selam! Ne haber?
What's up? I am fine, thanks.	Ne haber? İyiyim, teşekkürler.