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### Nereye and Nereden

In English, we often use "where" for both location and direction. Turkish uses specific question words that take case endings to show direction.

- **Nereye** (Where to?): Asks about a destination (uses the dative case).
- **Nereden** (Where from?): Asks about an origin (uses the ablative case).

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### Answering with Destinations and Origins

When answering, the noun's case must match the question word. Destinations take the dative case (**-a/-e**), and origins take the ablative case (**-dan/-den**).

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### Getting On and Getting Off

Public transport verbs require specific cases based on the direction of movement:

- **Binmek** (to get on / to board): Directing motion *to* the vehicle (requires the dative case).
- **İnmek** (to get off / to descend): Moving away *from* the vehicle (requires the ablative case).

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### Near and Far

In Turkish, something is considered close *to* a place. The specific landmark you are near takes the dative case.

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Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
where to	nereye
Where are you going?	Nereye gidiyorsun?
train	tren
Where is the train going?	Tren nereye gidiyor?
Where is the child running to?	Çocuk nereye koşuyor?
where from	nereden
Where is the student coming from?	Öğrenci nereden geliyor?
Where are you returning from?	Nereden dönüyorsun?
Where are you buying a ticket from?	Nereden bilet alıyorsun?
airport	havaalanı
We are going to the airport.	Havaalanına gidiyoruz.
The man is returning from the airport.	Adam havaalanından dönüyor.
holiday / vacation	tatil
They are going on holiday.	Onlar tatile gidiyor.
I am going on holiday tomorrow.	Yarın tatile gidiyorum.
to get on / to board	binmek
The woman is boarding the train.	Kadın trene biniyor.
subway	metro
The student is getting on the subway.	Öğrenci metroya biniyor.
to get off / to descend	inmek
I am getting off the train.	Trenden iniyorum.
Get off the bus at the station!	İstasyonda otobüsten in!
We are getting off the subway.	Metrodan iniyoruz.
near / close	yakın
The hotel is very close to the airport.	Otel havaalanına çok yakın.
far	uzak
The hospital is far, the school is near.	Hastane uzak, okul yakın.
We are getting off at a far station.	Uzak bir istasyonda iniyoruz.
up, upstairs (direction)	yukarı
Where are you going? Up.	Nereye gidiyorsun? Yukarı.
The cat is going up.	Kedi yukarı çıkıyor.
down, downstairs (direction)	aşağı
I am going down.	Aşağı iniyorum.
The child is looking down.	Çocuk aşağı bakıyor.
to describe, to give directions	tarif etmek
I am describing the way.	Yolu tarif ediyorum.
He is describing the airport.	Havaalanını tarif ediyor.
inside, in (direction)	içeri
Come inside, it is raining.	İçeri gel, yağmur yağıyor.
The cat is going inside.	Kedi içeri giriyor.